{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T10:27:03Z","timestamp":1786703223151,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["029\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["029\/RID\/2018\/19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["029\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["029\/RID\/2018\/19"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05dwvd537","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The growing demand for eggs from alternative housing systems is driven by perceived nutritional and welfare benefits. However, the trade-off between enhanced bioactive composition and exposure to environmental contaminants remains insufficiently explored. This study evaluated the physical traits, bioactive compounds, and heavy metal content of 480 commercially available table eggs from four housing systems: organic, free-range, barn, and enriched cages. Organic eggs exhibited the highest albumen quality, expressed by Haugh units (92.03 vs. 70.86 in cages) and lysozyme activity (144,877 U\/mL vs. 119,830 U\/mL in cages), alongside the highest concentrations of fat-soluble vitamins (e.g., vitamin A at 1600 \u03bcg\/100 g and vitamin E at 3267 \u03bcg\/100 g) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA: 0.673% vs. 0.360% in cages). Conversely, organic eggs presented the weakest eggshells (breaking strength of 34.19 N vs. 47.05 N in cages) and a less favourable lipid profile regarding atherogenicity (AI: 0.411) and thrombogenicity (TI: 3.455) indices. Crucially, organic eggs contained significantly higher levels of lead (0.361 mg\/kg) compared to indoor systems (0.041 mg\/kg in barn and 0.102 mg\/kg in cages), highlighting their susceptibility to environmental pollution. Cage and barn eggs were associated with higher chemical safety and shell strength but demonstrated a lower overall bioactive value. Ultimately, the choice of table eggs may involve a trade-off between the health-promoting benefits of extensive systems and the potential risks of heavy metal contamination, emphasising the need for integrated food safety management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15162835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T09:04:01Z","timestamp":1786698241000},"page":"2835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Comparative Analysis of Bioactive Compounds and Heavy Metal Content in Table Eggs from Various Housing Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1195-8439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Drabik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka St., 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1421-4150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Zdun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka St., 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9383-1863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Ska\u0142ecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quality Assessment and Processing of Animal Product, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka St., 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2094-3869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Janu\u015b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cattle Breeding and Genetic Resources Conservation, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka St., 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4000-5837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanna","family":"Spasowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Administrative Law and Administrative Science, Institute of Legal Sciences, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 5 Maria Curie Sklodowska Sq., 20-031 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0587-3690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna","family":"Batkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka St., 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAO (2023). 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