{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T10:26:53Z","timestamp":1787308013365,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005357","name":"Slovak Research and Development Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APVV-20-0058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-20-0058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["APVV-20-0058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-20-0058"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/037nx0e70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic","award":["1\/0059\/24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1\/0059\/24"]}]},{"award":["1\/0059\/24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1\/0059\/24"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02z80ct15","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study investigated the chemical composition, antimicrobial, insecticidal, and food preservation potential of Ligusticum chuanxiong CO2 oil (LCCO) standardised to a ligustilide content of \u226535%. The volatile composition of LCCO was characterised by GC-MS and found to be dominated by cis-ligustilide (63.3%), senkyunolide (15.8%), 3-butylidenephthalide (5.4%), and trans-neocnidilide (4.9%). In vitro antimicrobial activity was evaluated by disc diffusion and broth microdilution against six bacterial and five yeast reference strains. The largest inhibition zones were observed against Enterococcus faecalis (14.33 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (13.67 mm). MIC50 values ranged from 0.064 mg\/mL (Yersinia enterocolitica) to 3.492 mg\/mL (Candida tropicalis), while MIC90 values ranged from 0.151 to 3.800 mg\/mL. In situ vapour-phase antimicrobial activity was evaluated on pear, banana, white radish, and carrot at concentrations of 62.5\u2013500 \u00b5L\/L, demonstrating a clear concentration-dependent inhibitory effect across all tested food matrices and microorganisms. Insecticidal activity against Callosobruchus maculatus and Megabruchidius dorsalis was confirmed under fumigation conditions, with LC50 values of 17.50% and 20.99% and LC90 values of 83.10% and 87.60%, respectively. The effect of LCCO, applied alone and in combination with vacuum packaging, on the microbiological quality of fresh white radish was evaluated over 28 days of refrigerated storage at 4 \u00b0C. The combined treatment resulted in the lowest total viable count (2.75 log CFU\/g) and coliform bacteria count (2.58 log CFU\/g) on day 28. A total of 404 bacterial isolates were identified using MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper, comprising 22 species. Acinetobacter pittii was the predominant species (33%), followed by Pantoea agglomerans (7%) and Serratia nematodiphila (7%). No Pseudomonas species were recovered from the EO vacuum treatment. Overall, these findings demonstrate the potential of LCCO, particularly in combination with vacuum packaging, as a natural antimicrobial agent for the postharvest preservation of fresh white radish.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15162936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T09:31:59Z","timestamp":1787304719000},"page":"2936","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ligusticum chuanxiong CO2 Oil as a Natural Antimicrobial Agent for Postharvest Preservation of Fresh White Radish: In Vitro,\u00a0In Situ and Storage Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4460-0222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miroslava","family":"Ka\u010d\u00e1niov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, Trieda Andreja Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia"},{"name":"School of Medical & Health Sciences, VIZJA University, Okopowa 59, 01043 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunke","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, Trieda Andreja Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8141-3914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minhang","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, Trieda Andreja Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2087-7267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaojun","family":"Ban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Agricultural Biological Resources Biochemical Manufacturing, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1242-3866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Cunkun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Products Preservation and Processing Technology, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences (National Engineering and Technology Research Center for Preservation of Agricultural Products (Tianjin)), Tianjin 300384, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8535-0533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Garzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drug, Sapienza University, P. le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6482-527X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bianchi, A., and Venturi, F. (2025). Enhancing the Shelf Life of Food Products: Strategies, Challenges, and Innovations. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14234034"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Solanki, M.K., and Santoyo, G. (2025). Editorial: Beneficial Microbes for Sustainable Postharvest Management of Fresh Produce. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1639670"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2026.108379","article-title":"Natural Antimicrobials as Sustainable Preservatives against Postharvest Microbial Spoilage in Fruits and Vegetables","volume":"77","author":"Abbas","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bianchi, A., Sanmartin, C., Taglieri, I., Macaluso, M., Venturi, F., Napoli, M., Mancini, M., Fabbri, C., and Zinnai, A. (2023). Effect of Fertilization Regime of Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum) on Flour Quality and Shelf-Life of PDO Tuscan Bread. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12142672"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Innova Market Insights (2026, July 20). Global Clean Label Trends. Available online: https:\/\/www.innovamarketinsights.com\/trends\/global-clean-label-trends\/."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70350","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.70350","article-title":"Recent Advances in Lemongrass Essential Oil: Food Safety, Preservation, and Bioactivity in Food Systems","volume":"25","author":"Rabbani","year":"2026","journal-title":"Comp. Rev. Food Sci. Food Safe"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.2478\/ahr-2023-0005","article-title":"Antimicrobial Effects of Rosemary Essential Oil with Potential Use in the Preservation of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables","volume":"26","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Hortic. Regiotect."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.02.050","article-title":"A Systematic Review on the Rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. (Chuanxiong)","volume":"119","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Wu, L., Wang, H., Jiang, M., Chen, Y., Zheng, X., Li, L., Yin, Q., Han, L., and Bai, L. (2025). Ligusticum chuanxiong: A Chemical, Pharmacological and Clinical Review. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1523176"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5374","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.7751","article-title":"Antifungal Activity of Ligusticum chuanxiong Essential Oil and Its Active Composition Butylidenephthalide against Sclerotium rolfsii","volume":"79","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.117337","article-title":"Essential Oil from Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation: Integrating Network Pharmacology and Molecular Mechanism Evaluation","volume":"319","author":"Zuo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1093\/jpp\/rgae105","article-title":"Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort.: A Review of Its Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology","volume":"76","author":"Kong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H., Zhao, Y., Qin, G., Bi, Y., Yue, G., Zhang, M., Chang, X., Qiu, X., Luo, L., and Yang, C. (2022). Antifungal Effects and Active Components of Ligusticum chuanxiong. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27144589"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monacci, E., Sanmartin, C., Bianchi, A., Pettinelli, S., Najar, B., Mencarelli, F., and Taglieri, I. (2025). Chemical Quality and Characterization of Essential Oils in Postharvest Hop Cv. Cascade: Ventilated Room Temperature as a Sustainable Alternative to Hot-Stove and Freeze-Drying Processes. Beverages, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/beverages11020054"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ka\u010d\u00e1niov\u00e1, M., Vukovic, N.L., \u010cmikov\u00e1, N., Galovi\u010dov\u00e1, L., Schwarzov\u00e1, M., \u0160imora, V., Kowalczewski, P.\u0141., Kluz, M.I., Puchalski, C., and Bakay, L. (2023). Salvia sclarea Essential Oil Chemical Composition and Biological Activities. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065179"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ka\u010d\u00e1niov\u00e1, M., \u010cmikov\u00e1, N., Vukovic, N.L., Vere\u0161ov\u00e1, A., Bianchi, A., Garzoli, S., Ben Saad, R., Ben Hsouna, A., Ban, Z., and Vukic, M.D. (2024). Citrus limon Essential Oil: Chemical Composition and Selected Biological Properties Focusing on the Antimicrobial (In Vitro, In Situ), Antibiofilm, Insecticidal Activity and Preservative Effect against Salmonella enterica Inoculated in Carrot. Plants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13040524"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.2478\/ahr-2021-0028","article-title":"Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Salvia officinalis Essential Oil","volume":"24","author":"Vukovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Hortic. Regiotect."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2022). Microbiology of the Food Chain: Horizontal Method for the Enumeration of Microorganisms\u2014Part 1: Colony Count at 30 \u00b0C by the Pour Plate Technique (Standard No. ISO 4833-1:2013)."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2006). Microbiology of Food and Animal Feeding Stuffs\u2014Horizontal Method for the Enumeration of Coliforms\u2014Colony-Count Technique (Standard No. ISO 4832:2006). Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/38282.html."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2008). Microbiology of Food and Animal Feeding Stuffs\u2014Horizontal Method for the Enumeration of Yeasts and Moulds (Standard No. ISO 21527-1:2008). Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/38275.html."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2017). Microbiology of the Food Chain\u2014Horizontal Method for the Detection, Enumeration and Serotyping of Salmonella (Standard No. ISO 6579-1:2017). Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/56712.html."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.3498","article-title":"HPTLC-Bioautography\u2013MS-Guided Strategy for the Detection of Phthalides with Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities From Ligusticum chuanxiong Essential Oil","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2022.101712","article-title":"Evidence on Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils and Herbal Extracts against Yersinia enterocolitica\u2014A Review","volume":"47","author":"Durofil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70043","DOI":"10.1111\/jfs.70043","article-title":"Lavandula angustifolia Essential Oil: GC\u2014MS Composition, In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity, Vapor-Phase Efficacy on Fruit and Vegetable Models, and Anti-Escherichia coli Effect in Sous-Vide Potatoes","volume":"45","author":"Vukovic","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ka\u010d\u00e1niov\u00e1, M., Galovi\u010dov\u00e1, L., Borotov\u00e1, P., Vukovic, N.L., Vukic, M., Kunov\u00e1, S., Hanus, P., Bakay, L., Zagrobelna, E., and Kluz, M. (2022). Assessment of Ocimum basilicum Essential Oil Anti-Insect Activity and Antimicrobial Protection in Fruit and Vegetable Quality. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11081030"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ka\u010d\u00e1niov\u00e1, M., Galovi\u010dov\u00e1, L., Valkov\u00e1, V., \u010euranov\u00e1, H., \u0160tef\u00e1nikov\u00e1, J., \u010cmikov\u00e1, N., Vukic, M., Vukovic, N.L., and Kowalczewski, P.\u0141. (2022). Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, In Vitro and In Situ Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, and Anti-Insect Activity of Cedar atlantica Essential Oil. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11030358"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vere\u0161ov\u00e1, A., Terentjeva, M., Ban, Z., Li, L., Vukic, M., Vukovic, N., Kluz, M.I., Ben Sad, R., Ben Hsouna, A., and Bianchi, A. (2024). Enhancing Antimicrobial Efficacy of Sandalwood Essential Oil Against Salmonella enterica for Food Preservation. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13233919"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28639","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c03900","article-title":"Identification of the Isocitrate Lyase SrICL as a Potential Target Protein of Butylidenephthalide in Sclerotium rolfsii via Drug Affinity Responsive Target Stability and Metabolomics","volume":"73","author":"Mao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karpi\u0144ski, T.M., O\u017carowski, M., Seremak-Mrozikiewicz, A., and Wolski, H. (2023). Anti-Candida and Antibiofilm Activity of Selected Lamiaceae Essential Oils. Front. Biosci., 28.","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbl2802028"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-001-1184-7","article-title":"Combinatorial Anti-Trichophyton Effects of Ligusticum chuanxiong Essential Oil Components with Antibiotics","volume":"31","author":"Sim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2025.118900","article-title":"Vapour-Phase Essential Oils for Postharvest Vegetables: From Laboratory to Real-World Use","volume":"239","author":"Hoca","year":"2026","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71176","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71176","article-title":"Configuration Of A Combined Microencapsulated Essential Oil Antimicrobials with Modified Atmosphere Biodegradable Films for Shelf-Life Extension of Table Grapes","volume":"13","author":"Yun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nielsen, C.K., Kjems, J., Mygind, T., Snabe, T., and Meyer, R.L. (2016). Effects of Tween 80 on Growth and Biofilm Formation in Laboratory Media. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01878"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-018-01624-1","article-title":"Application of MALDI Biotyper System for Rapid Identification of Bacteria Isolated from a Fresh Produce Market","volume":"76","author":"Mushtaha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singhal, N., Kumar, M., Kanaujia, P.K., and Virdi, J.S. (2015). MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry: An Emerging Technology for Microbial Identification and Diagnosis. Front. Microbiol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00791"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1556\/066.2022.00202","article-title":"Rapid Identification of Bacteria from Agricultural Environment Using MALDI-TOF MS","volume":"52","author":"Engelhardt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Aliment."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2866","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evu225","article-title":"The Genomic Diversification of the Whole Acinetobacter Genus: Origins, Mechanisms, and Consequences","volume":"6","author":"Touchon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40550-022-00092-7","article-title":"Fresh Produce as a Potential Vehicle for Transmission of Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"9","author":"Ababneh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Contam."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10658-013-0300-x","article-title":"Serratia Marcescens Associated with Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Soft-Rot Disease under Greenhouse Conditions","volume":"138","author":"Gillis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shikov, A.E., Merkushova, A.V., Savina, I.A., Nizhnikov, A.A., and Antonets, K.S. (2023). The Man, the Plant, and the Insect: Shooting Host Specificity Determinants in Serratia marcescens Pangenome. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1211999"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sperber, W.H., and Doyle, M.P. (2009). Microbiological Spoilage of Fruits and Vegetables. Compendium of the Microbiological Spoilage of Foods and Beverages, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0826-1"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, O.V. (2016). Food Spoilage by Pseudomonas spp.\u2014An Overview. Foodborne Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119139188"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/163760","article-title":"Insecticidal Components from the Essential Oil of Chinese Medicinal Herb, Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort","volume":"8","author":"Chu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebadollahi, A., Naseri, B., Aghcheli, A., and Setzer, W.N. (2025). Insecticidal Efficacy of Satureja hortensis L. and Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad Essential Oils Against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). Plants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14193062"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krzy\u017cowski, M., Baran, B., \u0141ozowski, B., and Francikowski, J. (2020). The Effect of Rosmarinus officinalis Essential Oil Fumigation on Biochemical, Behavioral, and Physiological Parameters of Callosobruchus maculatus. Insects, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects11060344"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelmohsen, U.R., and Elmaidomy, A.H. (2025). Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Essential Oils: A Review of Composition and Influencing Factors. Front. Nat. Prod., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fntpr.2025.1490511"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferraz, M.S.S., Faroni, L.R.D., De Sousa, A.H., Heleno, F.F., Silva, M.V.D.A., and De Alencar, E.R. (2024). Toxicity of Piper hispidinervum Essential Oil to Callosobruchus maculatus and Cowpea Bean Quality. Plants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants13223148"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viteri Jumbo, L.O., Haddi, K., Faroni, L.R.D., Heleno, F.F., Pinto, F.G., and Oliveira, E.E. (2018). Toxicity to, Oviposition and Population Growth Impairments of Callosobruchus maculatus Exposed to Clove and Cinnamon Essential Oils. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207618"}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/16\/2936\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T09:58:08Z","timestamp":1787306288000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/16\/2936"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["foods15162936"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods15162936","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]}}}