{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T10:25:55Z","timestamp":1787653555035,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":179,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"CQ-VR Chemistry Research Centre-Vila Real","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/00616\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/00616\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Portugal and COMPETE"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PD\/BD\/135331\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PD\/BD\/135331\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The growing demand for sustainable, non-animal-derived, and low-allergenic protein alternatives has driven research into innovative sources such as microalgae. This review focuses on three key microalgal species Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina), Chlorella vulgaris, and Tetraselmis chuii. It examines their cell wall structures, protein content, and amino acid profiles. Protein extraction methods, including physical, enzymatic, and chemical approaches, are critically discussed. Downstream purification techniques aimed at improving protein purity and quality are also reviewed. Protein characterization methods are discussed, highlighting their relevance to food applications. The potential applications of microalgal biomass and protein extracts in food and beverage products are evaluated, with consideration given to their functionality, safety, and regulatory aspects. Despite significant advances in this field, further research is essential to optimize extraction and processing technologies, facilitate their integration into mainstream food production, and improve overall process efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15172972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T14:49:34Z","timestamp":1787582974000},"page":"2972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microalgae-Derived Proteins for Sustainable Foods and Beverages: Sources, Extraction, Characterization, and Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Elisa","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Research Centre of Vila Real (CQ-VR)\u2014Food and Wine Chemistry Laboratory, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6497-8337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Research Centre of Vila Real (CQ-VR)\u2014Food and Wine Chemistry Laboratory, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Genetics and Biotechnology Department, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6744-4082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Filipe-Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Research Centre of Vila Real (CQ-VR)\u2014Food and Wine Chemistry Laboratory, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5924-1050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda","family":"Cosme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Research Centre of Vila Real (CQ-VR)\u2014Food and Wine Chemistry Laboratory, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Biology and Environment Department, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5540-318X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando M.","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Research Centre of Vila Real (CQ-VR)\u2014Food and Wine Chemistry Laboratory, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Chemistry Department, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2020.102254","article-title":"Recent Advances in Protein Separation and Purification Methods","volume":"284","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. 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