{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T12:23:23Z","timestamp":1787660603930,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Frontier Research and Innovation Cluster Fund, Naresuan University","award":["R2569C002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R2569C002"]}]},{"award":["R2569C002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R2569C002"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03e2qe334","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microbiological non-compliance in pork may indicate deficiencies in slaughterhouse hygiene and pathogen control. This retrospective surveillance study evaluated associations of season and slaughterhouse production scale with microbiological non-compliance in 3103 pork samples collected in Lower Northern Thailand during 2015\u20132024. Samples were assessed using Department of Livestock Development criteria for aerobic plate count (APC), coliforms, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella spp. Outcome-specific mixed-effects logistic regression models included calendar year, season, production scale, and province as fixed effects and slaughterhouse as a random intercept. Salmonella spp. was the most frequent non-compliance endpoint (40.90%), followed by APC (36.61%). Compared with winter, the rainy season was associated with higher odds of coliform (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.23\u20132.50) and Salmonella spp. non-compliance (AOR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.20\u20131.91). High-scale slaughterhouses had higher odds of coliform (AOR = 2.61, 95% CI: 1.21\u20135.64), E. coli (AOR = 2.39, 95% CI: 1.22\u20134.69), and Salmonella spp. non-compliance (AOR = 2.02, 95% CI: 1.17\u20133.48) than low-scale facilities. These findings support seasonally targeted, risk-based surveillance and continued direct pathogen testing alongside hygiene indicators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15172980","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T11:27:19Z","timestamp":1787657239000},"page":"2980","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ten-Year Surveillance of Microbiological Non-Compliance in Pork: Associations with Season and Slaughterhouse Scale in Lower Northern Thailand"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Roipim","family":"Mapongpeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand"},{"name":"Taphan Hin District Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Phichit 66000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5297-5630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orapun","family":"Arjkumpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The 4th Regional Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Khon Kaen 40260, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5191-3878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sittichai","family":"Choosumrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4154-2661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rangsun","family":"Charoensook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3610-4488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saowaluk","family":"Rungchang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naruepol","family":"Promkuntod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Research and Development Center (Lower Northern Region), Phitsanulok 65130, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7635-9656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bertram","family":"Brenig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of G\u00f6ttingen, 37077 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4673-3504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonthaya","family":"Numthuam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., Havelaar, A.H., Hoffmann, S., Hald, T., Kirk, M.D., Torgerson, P.R., and Devleesschauwer, B. 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