{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T05:20:46Z","timestamp":1788326446257,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["862802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["862802"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["862802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["862802"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper explores the potential for promoting Ethiopian teff flour through the European Union\u2019s Geographical Indications (GI) framework. After outlining the evolution of GI regulations in the international trade context and the EU\u2019s role in quality policy for agri-food products, the paper assesses the value of teff as a high-potential product. Originated and domesticated around Axum, teff is a staple crop in Ethiopia, both nutritionally and socio-economically, cultivated by a multitude of smallholder farmers. However, access to European markets is hindered by insufficient enforcement of food safety standards, lack of quality control, and inconsistent labelling practices. Recognition as a GI\u2014specifically as a Protected Geographical Indication (PGI)\u2014could enhance the visibility, traceability, and legal protection of Ethiopia\u2019s teff. The paper also highlights challenges in advocating for the development of a detailed product specification aligned with EU regulations. Integrating teff production into the GI system may strengthen rural economies, preserve traditional knowledge, and increase the international profile of a product with significant nutritional and economic potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15173080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T05:55:56Z","timestamp":1788155756000},"page":"3080","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Towards the Recognition of Ethiopian Teff (Eragrostis tef [Zucc.] Trotter) Flour Under the European Union Geographical Indications System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8896-2041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matilde","family":"Tura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, Viale Fanin 40-50, 40127 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Agrofood Research, Alma Mater Studiorum-Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, Via Quinto Bucci 336, 47521 Cesena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2385-002X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosalba","family":"Roccatello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, Viale Fanin 40-50, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Bensmail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, Viale Fanin 40-50, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6716-1173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Valli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Agrofood Research, Alma Mater Studiorum-Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, Via Quinto Bucci 336, 47521 Cesena, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gebreyohannes","family":"Girmay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Resource Management and Environmental Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Mekelle University, Mekelle P.O. Box 231, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zenebe","family":"Gebreegziabher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Resource Management and Environmental Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Mekelle University, Mekelle P.O. Box 231, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Setti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, Viale Fanin 40-50, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7241-2280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tullia","family":"Gallina Toschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, Viale Fanin 40-50, 40127 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Agrofood Research, Alma Mater Studiorum-Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, Via Quinto Bucci 336, 47521 Cesena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Intellectual Property Organization (2021). Geographical Indications: An Introduction, World Intellectual Property Organization. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T\u00f6r\u00f6k, \u00c1., Jantyik, L., Mar\u00f3, Z.M., and Moir, H.V. (2020). Understanding the real-world impact of geographical indications: A critical review of the empirical economic literature. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12229434"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glogove\u021ban, A.I., and Pocol, C.B. (2024). The Role of Promoting Agricultural and Food Products Certified with European Union Quality Schemes. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13060970"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"European Union (2024). Regulation (EU) 2024\/1143 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 April 2024 on Geographical Indications for Wine, Spirit Drinks and Agricultural Products, as Well as Traditional Specialities Guaranteed and Optional Quality Terms for Agricultural Products, Amending Regulations (EU) No 1308\/2013, (EU) 2019\/787 and (EU) 2019\/1753 and Repealing Regulation (EU) No 1151\/2012, European Union."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"qoae006","DOI":"10.1093\/qopen\/qoae006","article-title":"Quantifying demand and willingness to pay for local food production","volume":"4","author":"Ortez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Q Open"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Giovannucci, D., Josling, T.E., Kerr, W.A., O\u2019Connor, B., and Yeung, M.T. (2009). Guide to Geographical Indications: Linking Products and Their Origins (Summary). SSRN J., 1736713."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"4931","article-title":"The Role of Geographical Indication in Supporting Food Safety: A Not Taken for Granted Nexus","volume":"4","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ital. J. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1108\/APJML-05-2024-0621","article-title":"From GI products consumers to destination visitors: An examination of the push side mechanism","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Mark. Logist."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u00e7a, E., Pomianek, I., and Peneva, M. (2022). The Role of GI Products or Local Products in the Environment\u2014Consumer Awareness and Preferences in Albania, Bulgaria and Poland. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14010004"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schneider, M., and Ho Tu Nam, N. (2024). Ethiopia. Protecting Geographical Indications in Africa, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/9780191955082.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"143","article-title":"Geographical Indications (GIs) as Tools for Agricultural Knowledge","volume":"19","author":"Dagne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Afr. J. Inf. Commun. (AJIC)"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Facilit\u00e9, I.G. (2026, August 10). Supporting the Development of a Geographical Indication System in Ethiopia: Launch of the Project. CIRAD\/AFD GI Support Fund. Available online: https:\/\/www.facilite-ig.fr\/en\/news\/launch-of-the-project-for-the-development-of-a-gi-system-in-ethiopia."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Ethiopian Intellectual Property Authority (EIPA) (2026, August 11). Inter-Ministerial Workshop Held on Socioeconomic Significance of Geographical Indications. EIPA Reported the Presentation of the Final Draft of the Geographical Indications Law to Stakeholders and Partner Institutions on 2 October 2025, Available online: https:\/\/testeipasite.eipa.gov.et\/."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s13002-025-00776-2","article-title":"Mixed Teff (Eragrostis tef, Poaceae) Cultivation and Consumption among Smallholder Farmers in South Wollo Zone, Ethiopia","volume":"21","author":"Melese","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14724-z","article-title":"Exceptional subgenome stability and functional divergence in the allotetraploid Ethiopian cereal teff","volume":"11","author":"VanBuren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3125","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.14872","article-title":"Teff (Eragrostis tef) processing, utilization and future opportunities: A review","volume":"56","author":"Barretto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s40066-021-00329-2","article-title":"Empirical review on the use dynamics and economics of teff in Ethiopia","volume":"10","author":"Tadele","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agric. Food Secur."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.2174\/1874331501812010185","article-title":"Teff, a rising global crop: Current status of Teff production and value chain","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Agric. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2020.103660","article-title":"Elemental Composition of Teff (a Gluten-Free Grain), Maize and Wheat: Staple Crops in the Main Ethiopian Rift Valley","volume":"100","author":"Nyachoti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Compost. Anal."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ijls.20210403.16","article-title":"Nullification of European Patent: The Case of European Patent on Teff Flour Processing","volume":"4","author":"Ghion","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Law Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"00045","article-title":"Achieving food security in Ethiopia by promoting productivity of future world food tef: A review","volume":"2","author":"Abraham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Plants Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"556001","article-title":"Traditional knowledge on Teff (Eragrostis tef) farming practice and role of crop rotation to enrich plant growth promoting microbes for soil fertility in East Showa: Ethiopia","volume":"16","author":"Gizaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"112","article-title":"Teff: The Ethiopian cereal crop and its food products","volume":"8","author":"Bultosa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Afr. J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-012-0745-5","article-title":"Teff (Eragrostis tef) as a raw material for malting, brewing and manufacturing of gluten-free foods and beverages: A review","volume":"51","author":"Gebremariam","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02858337","article-title":"Literature review and numerical taxonomy of Eragrostis tef (T\u2019ef)","volume":"33","author":"Costanza","year":"1979","journal-title":"Econ. Bot."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Agren, G., and Gibson, R. (1968). Food Composition Table for Use in Ethiopia, Ethiopia Nutrition Institute. Report No. 16."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"44","article-title":"Cultural economics of teff: Symbolism, status, and social networks","volume":"7","author":"Fenta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ethiop. J. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1002\/agr.21550","article-title":"Household production and consumption patterns of Teff in Ethiopia","volume":"34","author":"Mottaleb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agribusiness"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tripathi, K., Kumari, J., Pandey, S., Singh, B., Archak, S., and Singh, G.P. (2025). Plant Gene Bank Utilization for Trait Discovery in Millets, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-96-4043-0"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"FAO (2018). Food Loss Analysis: Causes and Solutions\u2014Case Study on the Teff Value Chain in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, FAO."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adepoju, M., Verheecke-Vaessen, C., Pillai, L.R., Phillips, H., and Cervini, C. (2024). Unlocking the Potential of Teff for Sustainable, Gluten-Free Diets and Unravelling Its Production Challenges to Address Global Food and Nutrition Security: A Review. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13213394"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2025.101112","article-title":"A selection of African traditional and emerging foods: Processing, composition, nutritional, sensory and nutraceutical aspects","volume":"11","author":"Tura","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1080\/00380768.2011.593482","article-title":"Teff (Eragrostis tef) production constraints on Vertisols in Ethiopia: Farmers\u2019 perceptions and evaluation of low soil zinc as yield-limiting factor","volume":"57","author":"Haileselassie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e41837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2025.e41837","article-title":"On-farm diversity and production challenges in Ethiopian tef [Eragrostis tef ((Zuccagni) Trotter)] landraces from Arsi zone, Ethiopia: Implications for breeding and conservation","volume":"11","author":"Gadissa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2018). National Guidelines for Small Scale Irrigation Development in Ethiopia, MoA. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2020.107020","article-title":"Current and projected eco-geographic adaptation and phenotypic diversity of Ethiopian teff (Eragrostis teff) across its cultivation range","volume":"300","author":"Woldeyohannes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abewa, A., Adgo, E., Yitaferu, B., Alemayehu, G., Assefa, K., Solomon, J.K., and Payne, W. (2019). Teff grain physical and chemical quality responses to soil physicochemical properties and the environment. Agronomy, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy9060283"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e24932","article-title":"Discrimination of the geographical origin of gluten-free Teff grains from northwestern parts of Ethiopia by fatty acid analysis","volume":"10","author":"Reta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-023-03736-7","article-title":"Metal(loid)s profile of four traditional Ethiopian teff brands: Geographic origin discrimination","volume":"202","author":"Woldetsadik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Crymes, A.R. (2015). The International Footprint of teff: Resurgence of an Ancient Ethiopian Grain, Washington University."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2022.2027441","article-title":"Comparative study of chemical composition, pasting, thermal and functional properties of teff (Eragrostis tef) flours grown in Ethiopia and South Africa","volume":"25","author":"Alemneh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.12691\/jfnr-6-2-2","article-title":"Teff: Suitability for different food applications and as a raw material of gluten-free, a literature review","volume":"6","author":"Paes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2015). Teff Flour\u2014Specification (Standard No. ES 3880:2015)."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2023.115488","article-title":"Physicochemical stability, microbial growth, and sensory quality of teff flour as affected by packaging materials during storage","volume":"189","author":"Awol","year":"2023","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ijfet.20200401.12","article-title":"The study of some engineering properties of Teff [Eragrostis teff (ZUCC.) Trotter] grain varieties","volume":"4","author":"Abebaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s43170-024-00297-0","article-title":"The role of Teff crop in Ethiopian life: Consumption and contribution to rural livelihoods","volume":"5","author":"Gebrehiwot","year":"2024","journal-title":"CABI Agric. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-019-03224-0","article-title":"The transforming value chain of Ethiopia\u2019s \u201corphan\u201d tef crop","volume":"250","author":"Bachewe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2020.101860","article-title":"Post-harvest losses in rural-urban value chains: Evidence from Ethiopia","volume":"98","author":"Minten","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e30398","article-title":"Assessment of harvest and postharvest losses of teff (Eragrostistef (Zucc.)) and methods of loss reduction: A review","volume":"10","author":"Tiguh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"1205","article-title":"Farmers\u2019 rights in Ethiopia: A case study","volume":"16","author":"Feyissa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genet. Resour."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Park, R. (2026, June 30). Teff Flour Patent Controversy Settled: Dutchman Does Not Have Patent Right to the Ethiopian Food Staple. Available online: https:\/\/abs-canada.org\/teff-flour-patent-controversy-settled-dutchman-does-not-have-patent-right-to-the-ethiopian-food-staple\/."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) (2026, July 13). Marrakesh Notification No. 78: Ratification by the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Available online: https:\/\/www.wipo.int\/wipolex\/en\/treaties\/ShowResults?search_what=N&code=ET."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2015.05.004","article-title":"Geographical Indications, Public Goods, and Sustainable Development: The Roles of Actors\u2019 Strategies and Public Policies","volume":"98","author":"Belletti","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Dev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cei, L., Defrancesco, E., and Stefani, G. (2018). From geographical indications to rural development: A review of the economic effects of European Union policy. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10103745"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s43170-024-00220-7","article-title":"Impact of Cluster Farming on Smallholder Farmers Teff Commercialization in Ethiopia","volume":"5","author":"Endalew","year":"2024","journal-title":"CABI Agric. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1017\/S174217052200031X","article-title":"The benefits and barriers of geographical indications to producers: A review","volume":"37","author":"Cardoso","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew. Agric. Food Syst."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s40100-024-00341-7","article-title":"GIs, a promising innovation for the development of Africa\u2019s food systems? The decisive role of collective actions","volume":"12","author":"Randrianandrasana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agric. Food Econ."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"623","article-title":"Taking trade and culture seriously: Geographical indications and cultural protection in WTO law","volume":"26","author":"Broude","year":"2005","journal-title":"Univ. Pa. J. Int. Law"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"204","article-title":"A meta-analysis of geographical indication food valuation studies: What drives the premium for origin-based labels?","volume":"38","author":"Deselnicu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Resour. Econ."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Bramley, C. A review of the socio-economic impact of geographical indications: Considerations for the developing world. Proceedings of the WIPO Worldwide Symposium on Geographical Indications, Lima, Peru, 22\u201324 June 2011, WIPO."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"94","article-title":"Environmental labeling, protected geographical indications and the interests of developing countries","volume":"10","author":"Grote","year":"2009","journal-title":"Estey J. Int. Law Trade Policy"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e17813","article-title":"Response of Teff ((Eragrostis tef (zucc.) Trotter) to nitrogen and phosphorus applications on different landscapes in eastern Amhara","volume":"9","author":"Samuel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Andersen, R., and Winge, T. (2012). The Access and Benefit-Sharing Agreement on Teff Genetic Resources Facts and Lessons, FNI. FNI Report 6\/2012."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Ibro, S. (2021). Examining the Impact of Geographical Indications in Strengthening the African Economy, Social Science Research Network. SSRN Scholarly Paper 4930543."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jantyik, L., and T\u00f6r\u00f6k, \u00c1. (2020). Estimating the Market Share and Price Premium of GI Foods\u2014The Case of the Hungarian Food Discounters. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12031094"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.20961\/carakatani.v35i1.35749","article-title":"The Impacts of Climate-Induced Agricultural Drought on Four Cereal Crops: A Case Study in Bako Tibe District, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia","volume":"35","author":"Adunya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Caraka Tani J. Sustain. Agric."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095766","DOI":"10.1080\/23322039.2022.2095766","article-title":"The perception and determinants of agricultural technology adaptation of teff producers to climate change in North Shewa zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia","volume":"10","author":"Emeru","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cogent Econ. Financ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3920\/WMJ2022.2827","article-title":"Assessment of agricultural practices by Ethiopian women farmers: Existence of gender disparities in access to mycotoxins training","volume":"16","author":"Cervini","year":"2023","journal-title":"World Mycotoxin J."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"558","article-title":"Factors affecting farmers\u2019 crops diversification: Evidence from SNNPR, Ethiopia","volume":"3","author":"Rehima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.5897\/JAERD2017.0929","article-title":"Perceptions and choices of adaptation measures for climate change among teff (Eragrostis tef) frmers of Southeast Tigray, Ethiopia","volume":"10","author":"Tembo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Ext. Rural Dev."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-022-03306-1","article-title":"Heterogeneous impacts of climate change on crop yields across altitudes in Ethiopia","volume":"170","author":"Ginbo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.141100","article-title":"Can Geographical Indications promote environmental sustainability in food supply chains? Insights from a systematic literature review","volume":"444","author":"Falasco","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.06.101","article-title":"Chemical composition and food uses of teff (Eragrostis tef)","volume":"239","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-017-0641-2","article-title":"Tef: The rising ancient cereal: What do we know about its nutritional and health benefits?","volume":"72","author":"Shumoy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520701714871","article-title":"Tef in the diet of celiac patients in The Netherlands","volume":"43","author":"Hopman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/17\/3080\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T04:33:35Z","timestamp":1788323615000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/17\/3080"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["foods15173080"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods15173080","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]}}}