{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T10:20:52Z","timestamp":1788258052637,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007928","name":"Ningbo Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024J178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024J178"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007928","name":"Ningbo \u201cScience and Technology Innovation Yongjiang 2035\u201d Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025Z102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025Z102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Flonicamid is a systemic pyridinecarboxamide insecticide used to control sap-sucking pests in agricultural crops. An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC\u2013MS\/MS) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of flonicamid and its metabolites, N-(4-trifluoromethylnicotinoyl)glycine (TFNG), 4-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinamide (TFNA-AM), and 4-(trifluoromethyl)nicotinic acid (TFNA) in rice plants, brown rice, rice husks, paddy soil, and paddy water. Method validation showed average recoveries of 73\u2013115% with relative standard deviations of 1.1\u20139.9% across different matrices at three fortification levels. Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to characterize the dissipation, degradation, and transformation of flonicamid in the paddy ecosystem, and the dietary risk was assessed. Field dissipation followed first-order kinetics, with half-lives of 5.8, 2.9, and 7.1 days in rice plants, paddy soil, and paddy water, respectively. Under laboratory conditions, degradation proceeded markedly faster under aerobic than anaerobic conditions, with half-lives of 0.8\u20137.1 and 4.7\u201317.8 days in five typical Chinese soils, respectively. Six transformation products were identified by UHPLC\u2013Q-TOF\/MS coupled with UNIFI software (v1.9.4.0), including a novel product (M210) reported for the first time. At pre-harvest intervals of 7\u201321 days, terminal residues of flonicamid in brown rice were all below the Chinese maximum residue limit (MRL) of 0.1 mg\/kg. Dietary risk assessment revealed that the acceptable daily intake percentages (%ADI) for 12 population subgroups ranged from 0.128% to 1.031% based on the parent compound, and from 0.404% to 3.808% under the EU residue definition. All values were far below 100%. These results indicate that flonicamid, when applied according to Good Agricultural Practice (GAP), poses a negligible dietary risk to consumers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15173104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T09:48:36Z","timestamp":1788256116000},"page":"3104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Residue Dissipation, Transformation Products, and Dietary Risk Assessment of Flonicamid in a Rice Paddy Ecosystem"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo 315043, China"},{"name":"Ningbo Key Laboratory of Testing and Control for Characteristic Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ningbo 315043, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Quansheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo 315043, China"},{"name":"Ningbo Key Laboratory of Testing and Control for Characteristic Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ningbo 315043, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo 315043, China"},{"name":"Ningbo Key Laboratory of Testing and Control for Characteristic Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ningbo 315043, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yinliang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo 315043, China"},{"name":"Ningbo Key Laboratory of Testing and Control for Characteristic Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ningbo 315043, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2026.112387","article-title":"Multi-residue pesticide contamination in marketed rice and recommended mitigation techniques by household washing and cooking to reduce dietary risks","volume":"190","author":"Pratap","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12459","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12459","article-title":"Impacts of neonicotinoid use on long-term population changes in wild bees in England","volume":"7","author":"Woodcock","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2018.05.007","article-title":"Block of Kir channels by flonicamid disrupts salivary and renal excretion of insect pests","volume":"99","author":"Ren","year":"2018","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119511","article-title":"Characteristics of toxicokinetics and metabolic transformation of flonicamid in rats","volume":"309","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (2026, July 05). Pesticide Registration Data of China Pesticide Information Network. Available online: http:\/\/www.chinapesticide.org.cn\/zgnyxxw\/eng\/aboutus."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-019-00747-x","article-title":"Humoral immune responses and gill antioxidant-related gene expression of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to lufenuron and flonicamide","volume":"46","author":"Baes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fish. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4829","DOI":"10.1111\/are.14773","article-title":"The response of lufenuron- and flonicamid-exposed Cyprinus carpio to saltwater challenge: Study on ion-regulation and stress genes expression and plasma antioxidant characteristics","volume":"51","author":"Ghelichpour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.133910","article-title":"Neonicotinoid insecticides and metabolites levels in neonatal first urine from southern China: Exploring links to preterm birth","volume":"469","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.5c00836","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to emerging pesticides and childhood allergy risk: A mixture assessment in an urban birth cohort","volume":"12","author":"Roder","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2025.123027","article-title":"Prenatal pesticide exposure and neuroblastoma\u2014A statewide case-control study in California","volume":"287","author":"Ritz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"JMPR (2025, January 15). Pesticide Residues in Food\u2014Flonicamid. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/pesticide-residues-jmpr-database\/pesticide?name=Flonicamid."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Anastassiadou, M., Bernasconi, G., Brancato, A., Carrasco Cabrera, L., Greco, L., Jarrah, S., Kazocina, A., Leuschner, R., and Magrans, J.O. (2020). Evaluation of confirmatory data following the Article 12 MRL review for flonicamid. EFSA J., 18, 6117.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2020.6117"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4802","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.7101","article-title":"Flonicamid metabolite 4-trifluoromethylnicotinamide is a chordotonal organ modulator insecticide","volume":"78","author":"Spalthoff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2018.06.004","article-title":"Toxicity, mode of action, and synergist potential of flonicamid against mosquitoes","volume":"151","author":"Gross","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1712","article-title":"Residues and dietary intake risk assessment of flonicamid and bifenthrin in peach","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Fruit Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"89","article-title":"Determination of ten pesticide residues in cucumber using QuEChERS-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"21","author":"Bai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Pestic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8033","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0719297","article-title":"Analysis of flonicamid and its metabolites in dried hops by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"55","author":"Hengel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.07.068","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of ten neonicotinoid insecticides and two metabolites in honey and royal-jelly by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"270","author":"Hou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2011.07.058","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of flonicamid and its metabolites in vegetables using QuEChERS and reverse-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"1218","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, S., Zeng, Z., Kang, R., Wei, Y., Tan, G., Chen, M., Wang, B., and Tang, Z. (2024). Residue analysis and dietary risk assessment of 10 neonicotinoid insecticides in Oenanthe javanica from Hainan Province of China. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14010078"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.02.038","article-title":"A modified QuEChERS method for simultaneous determination of flonicamid and its metabolites in paprika using tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"157","author":"Ko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1080\/00032719.2018.1508294","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of flonicamid and its metabolites in tea by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2016.1232865","article-title":"Determination of flonicamid and its metabolites in bell pepper using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (Orbitrap)","volume":"33","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35842","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA27425G","article-title":"A new residue method for the determination of flonicamid in agricultural and environmental samples using enzyme immunoassay systems","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Liu, Q., Dong, X., Qiao, X., Li, C., Cao, J., Ren, P., Li, J., and Qin, S. (2025). Simultaneous Determination and Dietary Risk Assessment of 26 Pesticide Residues in Wheat Grain and Bran Using QuEChERS-UHPLC-MS\/MS. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14244351"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.5958\/2249-524X.2019.00015.3","article-title":"Persistence of flonicamid 50 WG in\/on paddy","volume":"31","author":"Chauhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pestic. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1080\/03067319.2013.871714","article-title":"Dissipation and residue of flonicamid in cucumber, apple and soil under field conditions","volume":"94","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, T., Xu, Y., Zhou, X., Liang, X., Bai, Y., Sun, F., Zhang, W., Wang, N., Pang, X., and Li, Y. (2022). Dissipation kinetics and safety evaluation of flonicamid in four various types of crops. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27238615"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5842","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.11236","article-title":"Residual behavior and dietary intake risk assessment of flonicamid, dinotefuran and its metabolites on peach trees","volume":"101","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6886","DOI":"10.1080\/03067319.2022.2155050","article-title":"Dissipation, terminal residue and dietary risk assessment of flonicamid in cabbage","volume":"104","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2022.2040746","article-title":"Multi-residue analysis, dissipation behavior, and final residues of four insecticides in supervised eggplant field","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2026.117855","article-title":"Advanced LC & GC\u2013MS\/MS based evaluation of residue dynamics, metabolite profiles and dietary risk assessment of fipronil and flonicamid in okra","volume":"205","author":"Banshtu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2025.115970","article-title":"Residual behaviors and health risk assessment of dinotefuran, flonicamid, and their metabolites during apple growth, storage, and processing","volume":"205","author":"Tian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1386","article-title":"Degradation behaviors and dietary risk assessment of flonicamid and spirotetramat in kiwifruit plantations","volume":"51","author":"Qiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Hortic. Sin."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.05.074","article-title":"Residue behaviors and risk assessment of flonicamid and its metabolites in the cabbage field ecosystem","volume":"161","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165571","article-title":"Occurrence and Ecological Risks of Flonicamid and Its Metabolites in Multiple Substrates from Intensive Rice-Vegetable Rotations in Tropical China","volume":"899","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Meier, U. (2018). Growth Stages of Mono- and Dicotyledonous Plants: BBCH Monograph, Julius K\u00fchn-Institut."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Tianqi24 (2026, August 15). Historical Weather Data for Ningbo. Available online: https:\/\/www.tianqi24.com\/."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109491","article-title":"Integration of Nontarget Screening and QSAR Modeling to Identify Novel Butachlor Transformation Products of High Priority in Soil and Water Environment","volume":"199","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16146","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c07488","article-title":"Degradation of Kresoxim-Methyl in Different Soils: Kinetics, Identification of Transformation Products, and Pathways Using High-Resolution-Mass-Spectrometry-Based Suspect and Non-Target Screening Approaches","volume":"70","author":"Man","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, Y., Li, Y., Wang, J., Pang, S., and Li, S. (2024). Dissipation and residue of chloroisobromine cyanuric acid in ginger and pepper and its dietary intake risk assessment. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13203247"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"428","article-title":"The photolysis and hydrolysis characteristics of flonicamid","volume":"61","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agrochemicals"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1039\/C7AY00101K","article-title":"The metabolic pathway of flonicamid in oranges using an orthogonal approach based on high-resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance","volume":"9","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1021\/es5002105","article-title":"Identifying Small Molecules via High Resolution Mass Spectrometry: Communicating Confidence","volume":"48","author":"Schymanski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2026). National Food Safety Standard\u2014Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides in Food (Standard No. GB 2763-2026)."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/17\/3104\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T10:10:26Z","timestamp":1788257426000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/17\/3104"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["foods15173104"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods15173104","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}}}