{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:02:58Z","timestamp":1789534978509,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003091","name":"Government of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022TZXD0033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022TZXD0033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003091","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2022TZXD0033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022TZXD0033"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03jjt8440","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shandong Agricultural Industry Technology System","award":["SDAIT-07-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SDAIT-07-17"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2026QC0328"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2026QC0328"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) are highly perishable, making rapid and automated postharvest freshness evaluation crucial for cold-chain logistics. Visible-near-infrared (Vis-NIR) hyperspectral imaging is promising for non-destructive food quality assessment, yet mining highly redundant spatial\u2013spectral data remains challenging. This study proposes a novel artificial intelligence approach, the patch-aligned multimodal interaction fusion network (PAMIF-Net), to monitor postharvest mushroom freshness. Using a Vis-NIR dataset of 400 A. bisporus caps over a 9-day refrigerated storage period, this deep learning architecture dynamically fuses global spectral features (indicating internal physicochemical shifts) with localized spatial morphological features (capturing surface deterioration) using a gated attention mechanism. Extensive evaluations across 10 independent trials demonstrated that PAMIF-Net achieved optimal classification accuracy (up to 100% on the current test set) and a minimal mean absolute error for five-class storage time recognition. Furthermore, it exhibited superior computational efficiency and significantly lower inference latency compared to classical machine learning and standard deep learning backbones. This multimodal spatial\u2013spectral deep learning framework demonstrates the feasibility of combining HSI and deep learning for the specific task of automated storage time recognition of A. bisporus under controlled refrigerated conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15183224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T13:29:29Z","timestamp":1789133369000},"page":"3224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Patch-Aligned Multimodal Deep Learning Framework for Non-Destructive Freshness Monitoring of Postharvest Mushrooms Using Hyperspectral Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0323-9829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhen","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Applied Technology for Protein and Peptide Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Food Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaru","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Applied Technology for Protein and Peptide Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Food Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lele","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Applied Technology for Protein and Peptide Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Food Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"A. Auat-Cheein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Universidad T\u00e9cnica Federico Santa Mar\u00eda, Av. Espa\u00f1a 1680, Valparaiso 2390123, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Agricultural Engineering, Harper Adams University, Newport TF10 8NB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3811-2646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingfeng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Applied Technology for Protein and Peptide Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Food Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.03.005","article-title":"Recovery of Ergosterol and Vitamin D2 from Mushroom Waste\u2014Potential Valorization by Food and Pharmaceutical Industries","volume":"99","author":"Papoutsis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. 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