{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T01:09:35Z","timestamp":1793236175712,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFF1000300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF1000300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFD2100703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD2100703"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2024A1515010621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515010621"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009075","name":"Guangdong Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2022GDASZH-2022010101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022GDASZH-2022010101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009075","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["2022GDASZH-2022010101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022GDASZH-2022010101"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01g9hkj35","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sleep disorders represent a growing public health concern, yet current pharmacological interventions are limited by tolerance, dependence, and rebound insomnia. This study evaluated the probiotic properties of Bifidobacterium longum B18 and its effects on pharmacologically induced sleep parameters in male Sprague\u2013Dawley rats, focusing on tryptophan-related metabolism and gut microbiota composition. In vitro, B18 exhibited favourable probiotic characteristics, no detectable haemolytic activity, and susceptibility to all eight antimicrobials tested. In vivo, B18 significantly shortened barbital sodium-induced sleep latency and prolonged pentobarbital sodium-induced sleep duration (p &lt; 0.05). Targeted metabolomic profiling of faeces, plasma, and hippocampus showed increased tryptophan and melatonin concentrations, whereas 5-HTP and 5-HT remained unchanged. B18 was also associated with lower Kyn\/Trp ratios, although plasma Kyn concentrations were unchanged. Increased MT\/5-HT ratios and elevated hippocampal AANAT levels were also observed, supporting an association with enhanced melatonin-related metabolism. Gut microbiota analysis showed higher abundances of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the B18 group than in the DZP group, together with lower Desulfovibrio abundance than in the CTR. Exploratory correlation analysis further showed positive associations of Bifidobacterium abundance with faecal tryptophan and melatonin levels and an inverse association with the Kyn\/Trp ratio. Collectively, these findings indicate that B. longum B18 modifies pharmacologically induced sleep parameters in association with altered tryptophan\u2013melatonin metabolism and gut microbiota composition, supporting further evaluation of B18 as a candidate probiotic for sleep-related functional applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15183230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T09:34:01Z","timestamp":1789378441000},"page":"3230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bifidobacterium longum B18 Modulates Pharmacologically Induced Sleep Parameters in Rats in Association with Altered Tryptophan\u2013Melatonin Metabolism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lili","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Key Laboratory of Big Data Technologies for Food Microbiological Safety, State Administration for Market Regulation, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiaoxuan","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Key Laboratory of Big Data Technologies for Food Microbiological Safety, State Administration for Market Regulation, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China"},{"name":"Food and Drug Laboratory, Guangdong Detection Centre of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lanyan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Key Laboratory of Big Data Technologies for Food Microbiological Safety, State Administration for Market Regulation, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaofang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Key Laboratory of Big Data Technologies for Food Microbiological Safety, State Administration for Market Regulation, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China"},{"name":"Food and Drug Laboratory, Guangdong Detection Centre of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weipeng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Key Laboratory of Big Data Technologies for Food Microbiological Safety, State Administration for Market Regulation, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China"},{"name":"Food and Drug Laboratory, Guangdong Detection Centre of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiyi","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Key Laboratory of Big Data Technologies for Food Microbiological Safety, State Administration for Market Regulation, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China"},{"name":"Food and Drug Laboratory, Guangdong Detection Centre of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2704-2513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Key Laboratory of Big Data Technologies for Food Microbiological Safety, State Administration for Market Regulation, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China"},{"name":"Food and Drug Laboratory, Guangdong Detection Centre of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6503-359X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingping","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, National Health Commission Science and Technology Innovation Platform for Nutrition and Safety of Microbial Food, Key Laboratory of Big Data Technologies for Food Microbiological Safety, State Administration for Market Regulation, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China"},{"name":"Food and Drug Laboratory, Guangdong Detection Centre of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2022.101616","article-title":"Sleep deficiency as a driver of cellular stress and damage in neurological disorders","volume":"63","author":"Coulson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2016.12.016","article-title":"Energy metabolism differs between sleep stages and begins to increase prior to awakening","volume":"69","author":"Kayaba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12503","article-title":"Role of sleep and circadian disruption on energy expenditure and in metabolic predisposition to human obesity and metabolic disease","volume":"18","author":"McHill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0190-z","article-title":"Sleep and inflammation: Partners in sickness and in health","volume":"19","author":"Irwin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e106227","DOI":"10.1002\/alz70860_106227","article-title":"Sleep disturbances and sleep of cognitive decline","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement. J. Alzheimer\u2019s Assoc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71326","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.71326","article-title":"Home-based sleep monitoring reveals associations between amyloid accumulation and sleep alterations in individuals with subjective and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"22","author":"Buchal","year":"2026","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement. J. Alzheimer\u2019s Assoc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2020.101282","article-title":"Sleep in the anxiety-related disorders: A meta-analysis of subjective and objective research","volume":"51","author":"Cox","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2025.102149","article-title":"Genetic association between sleep quality, insomnia, and psychological distress: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"83","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2025.102179","article-title":"Sleep abnormalities in mouse models of depression: A systematic review","volume":"84","author":"Potenzieri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46019-y","article-title":"Metabolomic profiles of sleep-disordered breathing are associated with hypertension and diabetes mellitus development","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106220","article-title":"Shared genetic architecture between sleep traits and cardiometabolic diseases","volume":"126","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15026","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.26","article-title":"Insomnia disorder","volume":"1","author":"Morin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.125.325686","article-title":"Insomnia phenotypes, cardiovascular risk and their link to brain health","volume":"137","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2243215","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.43215","article-title":"Association of benzodiazepine treatment for sleep disorders with drug overdose risk among young people","volume":"5","author":"Bushnell","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.06.005","article-title":"Evidence for the efficacy of melatonin in the treatment of primary adult sleep disorders","volume":"34","author":"Auld","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"87","article-title":"Histamine H1 receptor antagonists in the treatment of insomnia","volume":"13","author":"Monti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Diag. Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-026-03763-w","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential of tryptophan metabolism in gut-brain signalling transduction: A narrative review","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5610","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c01883","article-title":"Pu-erh tea restored circadian rhythm disruption by regulating tryptophan metabolism","volume":"70","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02175-2","article-title":"Tryptophan-kynurenine metabolism: A link between the gut and brain for depression in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2994","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2025-2994","article-title":"Bifidobacterium BX520 supplementation prevents neuroinflammation in necrotizing enterocolitis by inhibiting IDO1 through the gut-brain axis","volume":"146","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-223339","article-title":"Lactobacillus johnsonii inhibits indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and alters tryptophan metabolite levels in BioBreeding rats","volume":"27","author":"Valladares","year":"2013","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-024-00632-w","article-title":"Desulfovibrio vulgaris caused gut inflammation and aggravated DSS-induced colitis in C57BL\/6 mice model","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"gfad063b_6078","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfad063b_6078","article-title":"#6078 modulation of tryptophan metabolism in sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI): A new therapeutic approach to prevent neurocognitive impairment","volume":"38","author":"Cimmarusti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.04.019","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway metabolic balance influences microglia activity: Targeting kynurenine monooxygenase to dampen neuroinflammation","volume":"94","author":"Garrison","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2020.126409","article-title":"Beneficial effect of GABA-rich fermented milk on insomnia involving regulation of gut microbiota","volume":"233","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lan, Y., Lu, J., Qiao, G., Mao, X., Zhao, J., Wang, G., Tian, P., and Chen, W. (2023). Bifidobacterium breve CCFM1025 improves sleep quality via regulating the activity of the hpa axis: A randomised clinical trial. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15214700"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2024.12.025","article-title":"Regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms by s-adenosylmethionine-producing probiotics","volume":"57","author":"Tian","year":"2026","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11095","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-95208-2","article-title":"A double blinded randomised placebo trial of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BLa80 on sleep quality and gut microbiota in healthy adults","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), Rychen, G., Aquilina, G., Azimonti, G., Bampidis, V., de Lourdes Bastos, M., Bories, G., Chesson, A., Cocconcelli, P.S., and Flachowsky, G. (2018). Guidance on the characterisation of microorganisms used as feed additives or as production organisms. EFSA J., 16, e05206.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2018.5206"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4282","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10690","article-title":"Screening probiotic strains for safety: Evaluation of virulence and antimicrobial susceptibility of enterococci from healthy Chinese infants","volume":"99","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2025.107843","article-title":"Taxonomic profiling of maternal and infant-derived Bifidobacterium strains based on in vitro experiments and genomic analysis","volume":"74","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2026.108545","article-title":"Disruption of luxS gene enhances auto-aggregation and colitis-alleviating capacity in Companilactobacillus crustorum MN047: Insights from transcriptomic and microbiome analysis","volume":"78","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-008-0040-z","article-title":"Auto-aggregation and co-aggregation ability in bifidobacteria and clostridia","volume":"53","author":"Rada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2024.116676","article-title":"Evaluation of the probiotic, anti-bacterial, anti-biofilm, and safety properties of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei B31-2","volume":"207","author":"Behbahani","year":"2024","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2024.116800","article-title":"Probiotic properties, whole-genome sequence analysis, and safety assessment of BreviBacillus borstelensis S8","volume":"210","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2025.118754","article-title":"Metabolic and functional analyses reveal the stress tolerance network in Saccharomyces boulardii during gastrointestinal challenge","volume":"237","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9471","DOI":"10.1039\/D4FO02690J","article-title":"Preparation of a Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 microencapsulated-lactulose synbiotic and its effect on equol production","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.146517","article-title":"A novel type of autoaggregation in lactic acid bacteria promoted by new AggS aggregation factor from Streptococcus thermophilus CC40-4S","volume":"321","author":"Tsibulskaya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2023.102456","article-title":"Evaluation of novel isolates of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Probio-M9 derived through space mutagenesis","volume":"52","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-019-2785-8","article-title":"Aggregation, adhesion and efficacy studies of probiotic candidate Pediococcus acidilactici NCDC 252: A strain of dairy origin","volume":"36","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2021.110136","article-title":"Functional properties of Lactobacillus casei C24 improved by microencapsulation using multilayer double emulsion","volume":"141","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2020.100843","article-title":"In vitro probiotic characterization of Lactobacillus strains from fermented tangerine vinegar and their cholesterol degradation activity","volume":"39","author":"Sui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.112233","article-title":"Identification and characterization of Bacillus coagulans strains for probiotic activity and safety","volume":"151","author":"Altun","year":"2021","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6526","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO00797A","article-title":"Goat and cow milk differ in altering the microbiota composition and neurotransmitter levels in insomnia mouse models","volume":"14","author":"Mo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1039\/D5FO04374C","article-title":"Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bbm-19 ameliorates insomnia by remodelling the gut microbiota and restoring \u03b3-aminobutyric acid and serotonin signalling","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6848","DOI":"10.1039\/D5FO01651G","article-title":"A non-pharmacological intervention for insomnia: Tryptophan-fructooligosaccharides combination improves sleep in mice via anti-inflammation and gut microbiota modulation","volume":"16","author":"Wong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2025.106606","article-title":"Sleep-promoting mechanism of Lactobacillus plantarum P8 combined with traditional Chinese medicine revealed by network pharmacology, microbiome, metabolome, and transcriptome analyses","volume":"68","author":"Guan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-024-00605-6","article-title":"Microbial melatonin metabolism in the human intestine as a therapeutic target for dysbiosis and rhythm disorders","volume":"10","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313769","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2313769","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulates host melatonin production through epithelial cell MyD88","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4799","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c01082","article-title":"Microorganisms: Producers of melatonin in fermented foods and beverages","volume":"68","author":"Que","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01589-9","article-title":"Microbiome and tryptophan metabolomics analysis in adolescent depression: Roles of the gut microbiota in the regulation of tryptophan-derived neurotransmitters and behaviours in human and mice","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A158","DOI":"10.1161\/atvb.38.suppl_1.158","article-title":"Abstract 158: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 is expressed in macrophages in human coronary atherosclerotic plaque and is associated with tissue factor expression in activated THP-1 macrophages","volume":"38","author":"Watanabe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-024-01028-1","article-title":"Microbial hydrogen sulfide hampers L-cell GLP-1 production","volume":"20","author":"Carty","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murros, K.E., Huynh, V.A., Takala, T.M., and Saris, P.E.J. (2021). Desulfovibrio bacteria are associated with parkinson\u2019s disease. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.652617"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.5.1033","article-title":"Elevated cerebrospinal fluid quinolinic acid levels are associated with region-specific cerebral volume loss in HIV infection","volume":"124","author":"Heyes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01244835","article-title":"Effect of quinolinic acid on wakefulness and sleep in the rabbit","volume":"82","author":"Lapin","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-food-052924-065321","article-title":"Bifidobacterium as Keystone Species Driving Microbial Interactions in the Infant Digestive Tract","volume":"17","author":"Canales","year":"2026","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01105-x","article-title":"Dynamics of dark fermentation microbial communities in the light of lactate and butyrate production","volume":"9","author":"Detman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, L., He, M., Sun, Q., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Fang, Y., Liu, S., and Duan, L. (2022). Roseburia hominis increases intestinal melatonin level by activating p-CREB-AANAT Pathway. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14010117"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526464","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/526464","article-title":"Interleukin-1\u03b2 modulates melatonin secretion in ovine pineal gland: Ex vivo study","volume":"2015","author":"Herman","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2006.00373.x","article-title":"Effect of TNF-\u03b1 on the melatonin synthetic pathway in the rat pineal gland: Basis for a \u2018feedback\u2019 of the immune response on circadian timing","volume":"41","author":"Fernandes","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165974","article-title":"Flunitrazepam induces neurotoxicity in zebrafish through microbiota-gut-brain axis","volume":"901","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-019-09610-0","article-title":"In Vitro Evaluation of Probiotic Potential and Safety Assessment of Lactobacillus mucosae Strains Isolated from Donkey\u2019s Lactation","volume":"12","author":"Rastogi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17819","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c05371","article-title":"Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis B6MNI Alleviates Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Rats via Regulating 5-HIAA and Pim-1\/JAK\/STAT3 Inflammation Pathways","volume":"71","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agricul. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, J., Ping, L., Cao, T., Sun, L., Liu, D., Wang, S., Huo, G., and Li, B. (2022). Immunomodulatory effects of the Bifidobacterium longum BL-10 on lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal mucosal immune injury. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.947755"}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/18\/3230\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T04:20:18Z","timestamp":1789446018000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/18\/3230"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["foods15183230"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods15183230","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]}}}