{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T11:04:52Z","timestamp":1789383892718,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Agricultural Research Rabat"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bread wheat technological quality is jointly influenced by genotype, environment, and their interaction (G \u00d7 E). Although Mixolab\u00ae has been used to characterize rheological variation among wheat genotypes, its combined application with stability analysis remains limited in Moroccan multi-environment trials. Rheological variability and relative stability were evaluated using wholemeal flour from 13 bread wheat varieties grown across three contrasting agro-ecological zones in Morocco. Under a fixed hydration level of 60%\u2014rather than the sample-specific hydration used in the standard ICC 173 procedure\u2014nine Mixolab\u00ae 2 parameters (C1\u2013C5, \u03b1, \u03b2, \u03b3, and mixing stability time) were measured. Two-way ANOVA, REML-based BLUPs, principal component analysis (PCA), and inter-environment stability indices were applied to evaluate varietal performance and relative stability. Highly significant effects (p &lt; 0.001) of genotype, environment, and G \u00d7 E were observed for all parameters. Under fixed hydration, the observed responses may reflect differences in flour composition, water-binding properties, and dough development at a common water level. Environmental contributions were largest for \u03b1 and mixing stability time, whereas genotype-associated contributions were largest for C4 and C5. The first two principal components explained 72.6% of the total variability and identified three rheological groups under fixed hydration conditions: low-consistency genotypes, varieties with balanced rheological profiles, and starch-oriented genotypes. Within the three-environment, single-season network, Kenz, Najia, Khadija, Malika, and Ibtissam showed the lowest inter-environment variation, whereas Lina and Irchad showed the greatest. Whether these rankings remain consistent under the standard ICC 173 sample-specific hydration procedure remains unknown. These results illustrate the potential of combining Mixolab\u00ae 2 parameters with mixed-model and stability analyses to characterize rheological patterns under fixed hydration conditions. Additional environments and cropping seasons are required before broad adaptation or environment-specific recommendations can be made.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15183238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T09:34:01Z","timestamp":1789378441000},"page":"3238","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rheological Performance of Wholemeal Flour from Bread Wheat Under Contrasting Agro-Ecological Conditions: A Multi-Environment Analysis of Mixolab\u00ae 2 Parameters and Genotypic Stability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hind","family":"El Bouzidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan I University, Settat 26000, Morocco"},{"name":"National Institute of Agronomic Research,  Rabat 10112, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6721-2778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mona","family":"Taghouti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Agronomic Research,  Rabat 10112, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Aziz","family":"Baidani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan I University, Settat 26000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Gaboun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Agronomic Research,  Rabat 10112, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Degu Wuletaw","family":"Tadesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Rabat Instituts, Rabat 10090, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilyass","family":"Britel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10112, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4827-4953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mackaye","family":"Moussa Hassane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10112, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Amine","family":"Abdellaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra 14000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Imane","family":"El Ftouh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine (IAV Hassan II), Rabat 10112, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima Ezzahra","family":"Oudrhiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine (IAV Hassan II), Rabat 10112, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghizlane","family":"Diria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Agronomic Research,  Rabat 10112, 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