{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:02:56Z","timestamp":1789470176604,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"TechnoServe","award":["S-KFI0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S-KFI0001"]}]},{"award":["S-KFI0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S-KFI0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02qhd3x73","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Micronutrient deficiencies remain a major public health challenge in Indonesia, and mandatory food fortification has been implemented to improve population micronutrient intake. However, the potential reach of fortification vehicles depends not only on regulatory compliance but also on household consumption patterns and demand responsiveness. This study analyzed consumption patterns and estimated the price and expenditure elasticities of mandatory fortification vehicles\u2014wheat flour and its derivatives, palm cooking oil, and salt\u2014using data from the March 2024 National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas), covering 343,479 households. Demand elasticities were estimated using the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS), with prices proxied by unit values adjusted for quality effects. All three commodities were widely consumed, with national participation rates of 99.3% for wheat flour and its derivatives, 96.2% for palm cooking oil, and 97.5% for salt. The national own-price elasticities were \u22120.848 for wheat flour and its derivatives, \u22120.499 for palm cooking oil, and \u22120.844 for salt, indicating generally price-inelastic demand. However, demand responsiveness varied across expenditure groups and urban\u2013rural settings. Wheat flour showed greater price sensitivity among lower-expenditure households, while palm cooking oil and salt exhibited more heterogeneous patterns. Expenditure elasticities were positive for all three commodities, although their magnitude varied across population groups. These findings indicate that fortification vehicles differ in consumption distribution and demand responsiveness and that participation rates should be interpreted as potential reach rather than actual coverage of fortified products. Consideration of consumption patterns, affordability, and demand responsiveness can inform a complementary multi-vehicle approach to food fortification in Indonesia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15183253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T09:31:57Z","timestamp":1789464717000},"page":"3253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mandatory Food Fortification Vehicles in Indonesia: Consumption Patterns and Demand Elasticities from Susenas 2024"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3218-7442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Drajat","family":"Martianto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Food and Nutrition Policy, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1378-5367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azis Boing","family":"Sitanggang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia"},{"name":"Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Miyagi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5921-2652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan Louis","family":"Gorstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Sardjunani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indonesian Nutrition Foundation for Food Fortification (KFI), Komplek Bappenas A1, Jl. Siaga Raya, Pejaten Barat, Jakarta Selatan 12510, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Roza","family":"Kartika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indonesian Nutrition Foundation for Food Fortification (KFI), Komplek Bappenas A1, Jl. Siaga Raya, Pejaten Barat, Jakarta Selatan 12510, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Elsa","family":"Fajriah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indonesian Nutrition Foundation for Food Fortification (KFI), Komplek Bappenas A1, Jl. Siaga Raya, Pejaten Barat, Jakarta Selatan 12510, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Milatul","family":"Mustaqimah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indonesian Nutrition Foundation for Food Fortification (KFI), Komplek Bappenas A1, Jl. 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