{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:08:16Z","timestamp":1789470496612,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02pjx9m11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Donkey milk contains bioactive components with immunomodulatory potential, but preservation technologies must retain these effects to support its use as a functional food ingredient. This study investigated whether spray drying preserves the in vivo biological functionality of donkey milk. Forty-five female Pannon White rabbits subjected to a standardized vaccine-induced immune challenge were randomly allocated to three groups: one Control group and two groups receiving raw or reconstituted spray-dried donkey milk (2 mL\/day; n = 15\/group) for four weeks. Serum lysozyme and total immunoglobulins were monitored longitudinally, while biochemical, hematological, and integrated multivariate profiles were assessed. Lysozyme increased progressively in both supplemented groups, reaching 29.4% and 33.1% above baseline with raw and spray-dried milk, respectively; cumulative responses were statistically equivalent. Total immunoglobulins recovered earlier after both treatments, reaching 31.31 and 28.92 mg\/mL, respectively, versus 23.04 mg\/mL in Control; their mean response profiles were closely aligned, although inter-individual variability reduced the precision of the equivalence assessment. Biochemical and hematological assessments revealed no coordinated adverse response to either milk preparation. Moreover, the integrated immune, biochemical, and hematological profiles showed strong concordance between Raw and Spray. Overall, spray-dried donkey milk retained the principal biological responses elicited by raw milk, supporting its potential development as a stable bioactive dairy ingredient.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15183256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T10:32:01Z","timestamp":1789468321000},"page":"3256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Evaluation of the Functional and Immunomodulatory Properties of Raw and Spray-Dried Donkey Milk"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3856-070X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana-Maria","family":"Plotuna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d,\u00a0Calea Aradului, No. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4812-470X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ionela","family":"Hotea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d,\u00a0Calea Aradului, No. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6057-882X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kalman","family":"Imre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d,\u00a0Calea Aradului, No. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Viorel","family":"Herman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d,\u00a0Calea Aradului, No. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ileana","family":"Nichita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d,\u00a0Calea Aradului, No. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6286-5523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ionela","family":"Popa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d,\u00a0Calea Aradului, No. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8445-869X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihai","family":"Pop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnologies in Pharmaceutical Industry, Faculty of Biotechnologies, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest (USAMV Bucharest), 59 M\u0103r\u0103\u0219ti Blvd, Sector 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5149-2127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emil","family":"T\u00eerziu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d,\u00a0Calea Aradului, No. 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2016.1175014","article-title":"Donkey Milk: An Overview on Functionality, Technology, and Future Prospects","volume":"33","author":"Aspri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Rev. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malacarne, M., Criscione, A., Franceschi, P., Bordonaro, S., Formaggioni, P., Marletta, D., and Summer, A. (2019). New Insights into Chemical and Mineral Composition of Donkey Milk throughout Nine Months of Lactation. Animals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9121161"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.4690","article-title":"Composition of Milk from Minor Dairy Animals and Buffalo Breeds: A Biodiversity Perspective","volume":"92","author":"Medhammar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1051\/animres:2003049","article-title":"Composition and Characteristics of Ass\u2019s Milk","volume":"53","author":"Salimei","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2011.11.008","article-title":"Equid Milk for Human Consumption","volume":"24","author":"Salimei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2023.105624","article-title":"Cow\u2019s Milk Alternatives for Children with Cow\u2019s Milk Protein Allergy\u2014Review of Health Benefits and Risks of Allergic Reaction","volume":"141","author":"Lajnaf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2007.00567.x","article-title":"Ass\u2019s Milk in Children with Atopic Dermatitis and Cow\u2019s Milk Allergy: Crossover Comparison with Goat\u2019s Milk","volume":"18","author":"Vita","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13594-015-0246-1","article-title":"Whey Proteins and Their Antimicrobial Properties in Donkey Milk: A Brief Review","volume":"96","author":"Brumini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dairy Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Derdak, R., Sakoui, S., Pop, O.L., Muresan, C.I., Vodnar, D.C., Addoum, B., Vulturar, R., Chis, A., Suharoschi, R., and Soukri, A. (2020). Insights on Health and Food Applications of Equus Asinus (Donkey) Milk Bioactive Proteins and Peptides\u2014An Overview. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9091302"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2020.104007","article-title":"Antibacterial Potential of Donkey\u2019s Milk Disclosed by Untargeted Proteomics","volume":"231","author":"Spada","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s12038-010-0015-5","article-title":"Lysozymes in the Animal Kingdom","volume":"35","author":"Callewaert","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vincenzetti, S., Pucciarelli, S., Polzonetti, V., and Polidori, P. (2017). Role of Proteins and of Some Bioactive Peptides on the Nutritional Quality of Donkey Milk and Their Impact on Human Health. Beverages, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/beverages3030034"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2018.07.005","article-title":"Donkey Milk Lysozyme Ameliorates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis by Improving Intestinal Barrier Function and Gut Microbiota Composition","volume":"48","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2017.10.020","article-title":"Nutritional and Nutraceutical Quality of Donkey Milk","volume":"65","author":"Martini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.3168\/jdsc.2021-0175","article-title":"Valorization of Donkey Milk: Technology, Functionality, and Future Prospects","volume":"3","author":"Papademas","year":"2022","journal-title":"JDS Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1080\/07373937.2016.1233114","article-title":"Recent Advances in Spray Drying Relevant to the Dairy Industry: A Comprehensive Critical Review","volume":"34","author":"Schuck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dry. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Chinnaswamy, A., and Ishwarya, S.P. (2015). Spray Drying Techniques for Food Ingredient Encapsulation, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s13594-013-0108-7","article-title":"Donkey Milk Powder Production and Properties Compared to Other Milk Powders","volume":"93","author":"Altieri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dairy Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3266","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-021-05340-w","article-title":"Influence of Processing Conditions on Quality of Indian Small Grey Donkey Milk Powder by Spray Drying","volume":"59","author":"Nayak","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2020.109151","article-title":"Study on Processing Stability and Fermentation Characteristics of Donkey Milk","volume":"124","author":"Miao","year":"2020","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.112444","article-title":"Effect of Continuous Flow HTST Treatments on Donkey Milk Nutritional Quality","volume":"153","author":"Matera","year":"2022","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5173","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10702","article-title":"Effects of Different Heat Treatments on Lysozyme Quantity and Antimicrobial Activity of Jenny Milk","volume":"99","author":"Cosentino","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7697","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-16642","article-title":"Effects of Thermized Donkey Milk with Lysozyme Activity on Altered Gut Barrier in Mice Exposed to Water-Avoidance Stress","volume":"102","author":"Yvon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.2174\/2212798405666131224104541","article-title":"Effects of Thermal Treatments on Donkey Milk Nutritional Characteristics","volume":"5","author":"Polidori","year":"2013","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Food Nutr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4291","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10741","article-title":"Shelf Life of Donkey Milk Subjected to Different Treatment and Storage Conditions","volume":"99","author":"Giacometti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2023, March 02). Directive 2010\/63\/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the Protection of Animals Used for Scientific Purposes Text with EEA Relevance. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/dir\/2010\/63\/oj\/eng."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2026, May 24). LEGE 43 11\/04\/2014\u2014Portal Legislativ. Available online: https:\/\/legislatie.just.ro\/Public\/DetaliiDocumentAfis\/157944."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plotuna, A.-M., Hotea, I., Ban-Cucerzan, A., Imre, K., Herman, V., Nichita, I., Popa, I., and T\u00eerziu, E. (2025). Bioactive Protein Profile and Compositional Evolution of Donkey Milk Across Lactation Reflecting Its Nutritional and Functional Food Value. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14244284"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/laban0110-17","article-title":"A Jugular Bleeding Technique in Rabbits","volume":"39","author":"Nelson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lab Anim."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2006-600","article-title":"Composition, Physiochemical Properties, Nitrogen Fraction Distribution, and Amino Acid Profile of Donkey Milk","volume":"90","author":"Guo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3109\/08923973.2010.499365","article-title":"Major Whey Proteins in Donkey\u2019s Milk: Effect of Season and Lactation Stage. Implications for Potential Dietary Interventions in Human Diseases","volume":"33","author":"Martemucci","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2019.04.009","article-title":"Lysozyme Activity in Donkey Milk","volume":"96","author":"Martini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2008.01.005","article-title":"The Antimicrobial Activity of Donkey Milk and Its Microflora Changes during Storage","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2010.10.008","article-title":"Antimicrobial Effect of Donkeys\u2019 Milk Digested in Vitro with Human Gastrointestinal Enzymes","volume":"21","author":"Tidona","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2017.10.019","article-title":"Effects of Freeze-Drying and Spray-Drying on Donkey Milk Volatile Compounds and Whey Proteins Stability","volume":"88","author":"Vincenzetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0307.12380","article-title":"Effect of Different Treatments on the Stability of Lysozyme, Lactoferrin and \u03b2-Lactoglobulin in Donkey\u2019s Milk","volume":"71","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Dairy Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.14233\/ajomc.2016.AJOMC-P17","article-title":"Immunostimulant Fractions of Novel Hexa and Heptasaccharide from Donkey\u2019s Milk","volume":"1","author":"Ranjan","year":"2016","journal-title":"AJOMC"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2013.07.018","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Activities of Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ZDY114 and Donkey Milk in BALB\/c Mice","volume":"34","author":"Peng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.2174\/138161210790883651","article-title":"Donkey and Goat Milk Intake and Modulation of the Human Aged Immune Response","volume":"16","author":"Amati","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3111","article-title":"Donkey Whey Protein and Peptides Regulate Gut Microbiota Community and Physiological Functions of D-Galactose-Induced Aging Mice","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Ren, W., Sun, Z., Liu, S., Han, Z., Wang, Y., Zeng, Y., Meng, J., and Yao, X. (2025). Impact of Intragastric Administration of Donkey Milk on Mouse Immunity Utilizing Gut Microbiomics and Plasma Metabolomics. Front. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1486406"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plotuna, A.M., Hotea, I., Imre, K., Herman, V., Nichita, I., Moza, A.-C., Popa, I., Zaha, C., Bochi\u0219, F., and Pop, M.I. (2026). Functional Immunonutraceutical Supplementation Enhances Humoral and Innate Immune Dynamics in a Controlled Immune-Challenge Rabbit Model. Nutrients, 18.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202605.0505.v1"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550617697177","article-title":"Equivalence Tests: A Practical Primer for t Tests, Correlations, and Meta-Analyses","volume":"8","author":"Lakens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc. Psychol. Personal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12584","article-title":"An Update on Clinical Biochemical RIs of Rabbits with Special Consideration for Age, Gender, and Size","volume":"47","author":"Korn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12775","article-title":"The Effects of Crossbreeding, Age, and Sex on Erythrocyte Indices and Biochemical Variables in Crossbred Pet Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)","volume":"48","author":"Yeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2007.06.002","article-title":"Rabbit Clinical Pathology","volume":"16","author":"Melillo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exot. Pet Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201200160","article-title":"Diet Supplementation with Donkey Milk Upregulates Liver Mitochondrial Uncoupling, Reduces Energy Efficiency and Improves Antioxidant and Antiinflammatory Defences in Rats","volume":"56","author":"Lionetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trinchese, G., Cavaliere, G., De Filippo, C., Aceto, S., Prisco, M., Chun, J.T., Penna, E., Negri, R., Muredda, L., and Demurtas, A. (2018). Human Milk and Donkey Milk, Compared to Cow Milk, Reduce Inflammatory Mediators and Modulate Glucose and Lipid Metabolism, Acting on Mitochondrial Function and Oleylethanolamide Levels in Rat Skeletal Muscle. Front. Physiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00032"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2026.06.002","article-title":"Hematological Parameters in Rabbits: A Meta-Analysis of Compiled Reference Data and Confounding Factors","volume":"58","author":"Richter","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Exot. Pet Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2008.10.007","article-title":"Age-Related Changes in Selected Haematology Parameters in Rabbits","volume":"86","author":"Jeklova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2008.03.001","article-title":"Rabbit Hematology","volume":"11","author":"Marshall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Exot. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10439","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25114","article-title":"Effect of Thermal and Nonthermal Processing Methods on the Structural and Functional Properties of Whey Protein from Donkey Milk","volume":"107","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12076","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26568","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory and Gut Modulating Effects of Donkey Whey Protein in Dextran Sodium Sulfate\u2013Induced Colitis Mice: Insights from the Various Processing Methods","volume":"108","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martini, M., Altomonte, I., Tric\u00f2, D., Lapenta, R., and Salari, F. (2021). Current Knowledge on Functionality and Potential Therapeutic Uses of Donkey Milk. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11051382"}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/18\/3256\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T10:55:12Z","timestamp":1789469712000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/18\/3256"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["foods15183256"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods15183256","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]}}}