{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T17:04:17Z","timestamp":1789578257427,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tackling-plan Project of Henan Department of Science and Technology","award":["242102311281"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242102311281"]}]},{"name":"Tackling-plan Project of Henan Department of Science and Technology","award":["242102311271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242102311271"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009101","name":"2022 Henan Province Private Education Professional Construction Funding Project-Pharmaceutical Preparation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZLG202202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZLG202202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009101","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009101","name":"HenanProvince\u2019s New Round Key Discipline","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Jiao Yan [2023] No. 235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Jiao Yan [2023] No. 235"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009101","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009101","name":"General Workstation Project of Postgraduate Joint Training in Henan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YJS2026YBGZZ62"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YJS2026YBGZZ62"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009101","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity is a prevalent metabolic disorder characterized by excessive lipid accumulation. This study aimed to investigate the anti-obesity effects and underlying mechanisms of two triterpenoid saponin-rich extracts, designated disaccharide saponin-rich extract (DTS) and trisaccharide\/tetrasaccharide saponin-rich extract (TTS), prepared from adzuki bean (Vigna angularis). In vitro, both DTS and TTS extracts significantly inhibited lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes without cytotoxicity, with TTS reducing lipid droplets to 21.45% of the model group at 200 \u03bcg\/mL. In vivo, C57BL\/6J mice were fed a high-fat\u2013high-cholesterol diet (HFD) for 12 weeks and orally administrated with DTS or TTS (30, 60, or 120 mg\/kg\/day) via gavage; the results showed marked reductions in body weight gain (up to 20.37%), fat mass, liver coefficient, and serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), while elevating high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Mechanistically, transcriptomics and Western blot analyses revealed that both extracts were associated with upregulation of the PPAR\u03b1-ACOX1 axis, consistent with enhanced fatty acid \u03b2-oxidation, and downregulation of the PPAR\u03b3-FABP4 pathway, consistent with reduced adipogenesis, suggesting a dual shift toward lipid catabolism and away from lipid synthesis. Furthermore, 16S rRNA sequencing demonstrated that both saponin extracts reversed HFD-induced gut dysbiosis by restoring \u03b1-diversity and orchestrating distinct genus-level modulations, specifically suppressing obesity-associated pathobionts (Faecalibaculum and Ileibacterium) while concurrently enriching beneficial commensals (Bifidobacterium). Notably, TTS at 120 mg\/kg reduced body weight gain to a greater extent than the positive control orlistat (p &lt; 0.05, Tukey\u2019s HSD), with comparable improvements in serum lipid profiles and liver function parameters. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that adzuki bean saponin extracts exert anti-obesity effects in HFD-fed mice and are associated with multi-target changes involving the \u201cliver\u2013adipose\u2013gut axis,\u201d supporting their further evaluation as candidate as functional food ingredients for metabolic health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15183276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T16:07:29Z","timestamp":1789574849000},"page":"3276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dual Modulation of Lipid Metabolism by Adzuki Bean (Vigna angularis) Saponins Involving PPAR\u03b1\/\u03b3 Signaling and Gut Microbiota Remodeling in Obesogenic Diet-Induced Obese Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7864-9067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingfeng","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Engineering Research Center of Chemistry and Biology of Medicinal Resources, Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Natural Products, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Drug Discovery of Small Molecules, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0183-160X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinhai","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science and Technology Program, Department of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal-Hong Kong Baptist University, Zhuhai 519087, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Engineering Research Center of Chemistry and Biology of Medicinal Resources, Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Natural Products, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Drug Discovery of Small Molecules, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450063, China"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Engineering Research Center of Chemistry and Biology of Medicinal Resources, Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Natural Products, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Drug Discovery of Small Molecules, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450063, China"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Meiru","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Engineering Research Center of Chemistry and Biology of Medicinal Resources, Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Natural Products, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Drug Discovery of Small Molecules, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Man","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Engineering 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