{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:01:29Z","timestamp":1792789289459,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"European Union-NextGenerationEU","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AC21\/00038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AC21\/00038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["AC21\/00038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AC21\/00038"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PI25\/01985"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI25\/01985"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["PI25\/01985"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI25\/01985"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dietary assessment is affected by recall, reporting, portion-size error, and food-composition inconsistencies. Hypaphorine, a tryptophan-derived betaine alkaloid found in pulses and other foods, has been proposed as a marker of legume exposure, but its performance in free-living populations remains uncertain. In this cross-sectional study of 138 adults, dietary intake was assessed by food-frequency questionnaire, and legume intake was represented by an FFQ-derived variable within the EAT-Lancet food-group framework. Urinary hypaphorine was quantified by targeted hydrophilic-interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Associations were examined using Spearman correlations and multivariable linear models with HC3 robust standard errors. Predictive performance was assessed using repeated 10-fold cross-validation. Hypaphorine correlated with legume intake (\u03c1 = 0.240; p = 0.0047). After adjustment for age, sex, BMI, energy intake, and log10-transformed urinary creatinine signal, each 10 g\/day increment in legume intake was associated with 19.1% higher hypaphorine (95% CI, 7.2\u201332.2%; p = 0.0014). Estimation of the FFQ-derived legume-intake variable was limited (cross-validated R2 = 0.061), whereas discrimination between intake above and at or below the sample median was modest (AUC = 0.653). In the exploratory clinical screen, the inverse correlation with leukocyte count did not remain below the 0.05 FDR threshold (q = 0.090). A focused adjusted model yielded an inverse association (\u03b2 = \u22121.38 \u00d7 103\/\u00b5L; p = 0.030), but exclusion of the most influential observation attenuated statistical support (p = 0.061). Urinary hypaphorine may provide modest information for ranking FFQ-derived legume exposure but should not be considered a quantitative measure of individual intake without further validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15183279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T08:03:17Z","timestamp":1789632197000},"page":"3279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Urinary Hypaphorine as a Candidate Marker of FFQ-Derived Legume Intake Within the EAT-Lancet Framework in Free-Living Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Teresa","family":"Cepeda-Vidal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Higiene, Inspecci\u00f3n y Control de Alimentos (LHICA), Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Anal\u00edtica, Nutrici\u00f3n y Bromatolog\u00eda, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3597-9234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Tom\u00e9-Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Bioactive Ingredients, Instituto Madrile\u00f1o de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA) Nutrition, Carretera de Cantoblanco 8, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7901-5816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Vald\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolomics Platform, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Calle Nicol\u00e1s Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Foodomics Laboratory, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Calle Nicol\u00e1s Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4031-6590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nieves Roc\u00edo","family":"Col\u00e1s-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolomics Platform, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Calle Nicol\u00e1s Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9467-2788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edwin","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, Nebrija University, 28240 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9526-891X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Espinosa-Salinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GENYAL Platform, Instituto Madrile\u00f1o de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA) Nutrition, Carretera de Cantoblanco 8, 28049 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9844-3755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"Mat\u00eda-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Diabetes y Enfermedades Metab\u00f3licas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2383-1563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Barabash-Bustelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Diabetes y Enfermedades Metab\u00f3licas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7331-7672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ang\u00e9lica","family":"Larrad-Sainz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0495-6240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Rubio-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3628-9323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso Luis","family":"Calle-Pascual","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Diabetes y Enfermedades Metab\u00f3licas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9324-1342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Cepeda-S\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Higiene, Inspecci\u00f3n y Control de Alimentos (LHICA), Departamento de Qu\u00edmica 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Alfredo","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiometabolic Precision Nutrition Program, Instituto Madrile\u00f1o de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA) Nutrition, Carretera de Cantoblanco 8, 28049 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centre of Medicine and Endocrinology, University of Valladolid, 47002 Valladolid, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Centre for Obesity Physiopathology and Nutrition Network (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2022.10.006","article-title":"Intake of legumes and cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Mendes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr. 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