{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T15:10:08Z","timestamp":1790003408461,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbofuran (CAR) is an extremely toxic carbamate insecticide that poses serious threats to both environmental and human health, which necessitates highly sensitive analytical methods for its detection in food matrices. This research introduced a novel strategy for CAR detection, presenting the synergistic interaction between molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and a carbon black\u2013graphitic carbon nitride (CB-g-C3N4) nanocomposite. By integrating the high-affinity, specific recognition capabilities of MIPs with the superior electrochemical sensing performance of the CB-g-C3N4 platform, the developed methodology significantly improved the sensitivity and selectivity in pesticide analysis. Following the modification of the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with the CB-g-C3N4 nanocomposite, the CAR-imprinted sensing interface was fabricated via cyclic voltammetry (CV). The electropolymerization process was conducted in a solution containing 100.0 mM pyrrole (Py) as the functional monomer and 25.0 mM CAR as the template molecule. This controlled electrochemical deposition facilitated the formation of a selective MIP layer, which effectively provided specific recognition sites on the nanocomposite-modified surface. Under optimized conditions, the sensor exhibited a linear dynamic range ranging from 1.0 \u00d7 10\u22129 M to 5.0 \u00d7 10\u22128 M. Furthermore, the limit of detection (LOD) was calculated to be 3.0 \u00d7 10\u221210 M, which highlights the sensor\u2019s high sensitivity and its suitability for monitoring pesticide traces. To evaluate the practical utility of the proposed electrochemical sensor, its performance was investigated using orange juice samples. The analytical results demonstrated excellent recovery rates close to 100%, confirming the sensor\u2019s ability to operate effectively within complex food matrices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15183313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T14:12:09Z","timestamp":1789999929000},"page":"3313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of Carbofuran Imprinted Electrochemical Sensor Based on Carbon Black\u2013Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanocomposite and Carbofuran Detection in Orange Juice Samples"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2495-7176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Didem","family":"G\u00fcn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep 27010, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1800-4635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dilek","family":"Do\u011fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep 27010, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"\u0130lknur","family":"Polat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep 27010, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"\u0130smail Hakk\u0131","family":"Akbudak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli 20160, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Mehmet L\u00fctfi","family":"Yola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Ankara 06100, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Integrated Technologies Research Center (BUTAM), Ankara University, Ankara 06690, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.10.054","article-title":"Electrochemical biosensing of carbofuran based on acetylcholinesterase immobilized onto iron oxide\u2013chitosan nanocomposite","volume":"191","author":"Jeyapragasam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. 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