{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:01:29Z","timestamp":1792789289301,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China General Program","award":["U24A20440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24A20440"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["U24A20440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24A20440"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Project of Hainan Province","award":["ZDYF2024XDNY274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDYF2024XDNY274"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wenchang chicken is a premium indigenous breed in China, yet the combined effects of laying stage and feed restriction on its volatile meat flavor remain poorly understood. Breast and thigh muscles from Wenchang hens at 160, 180, 210, and 360 days (n = 3\/treatment) under feed restriction (FR) or ad libitum (AL) feeding were prepared using the traditional coconut chicken cooking protocol and analyzed by electronic nose, HS-SPME-GC-MS, and HS-GC-IMS, using three-way ANOVA and CLR-transformed PLS-DA. Muscle type was the dominant main effect for meat color (L*: p = 0.004; a*: p &lt; 0.001; b*: p &lt; 0.001), while laying stage dominated key lipid-oxidation volatiles (octanal, dodecane, tetradecane; all p &lt; 0.001). The age \u00d7 feeding interaction was significant for seven key compounds (all p &lt; 0.05), confirming stage-dependent reversal: AL increased aldehydes and alkanes at 160\u2013180 days but reversed at 360 days. Physical traits were nonsignificant. GC-MS identified 79 reproducible compounds; PLS-DA confirmed significant discrimination by feeding (Q2Y = 0.830), age (Q2Y = 0.089), and muscle (Q2Y = 0.148). These findings demonstrate combined regulation of age, feeding, and muscle cut on flavor, supporting optimal quality windows for Wenchang chicken products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15183326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T14:12:09Z","timestamp":1789999929000},"page":"3326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Laying Stage-Modulated Effects of Feed Restriction on Volatile Compounds of Wenchang Chicken Muscle Assessed by E-Nose, GC-MS and GC-IMS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5985-0698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunpeng","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571199, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Meiling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571199, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Qicheng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571199, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xinli","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal Breeding and Disease Research, Xia Xianzhu Academician Team Innovation Center, Haikou 571100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Tieshan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Lihong","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571199, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Sense Of Smell And Volatile Aroma Compounds And Their Role In The Evaluation Of The Quality Of Products Of Animal Origin\u2014A Review","volume":"16","author":"Wojtycza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. 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