{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:00:54Z","timestamp":1792789254011,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC3606200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3606200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science Foundation of the Department of Education of Guangdong Province","award":["2023KTSCX055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023KTSCX055"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01s5gyw91","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["2023KTSCX055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023KTSCX055"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01s5gyw91","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel acidic polysaccharide, Dancong tea polysaccharide (DTP), was obtained from Dancong tea, and its structural characteristics and regulatory effects on glucolipid metabolism were investigated. With a molecular weight of 52 kDa, DTP is a pectic polysaccharide consisting mainly of a linear \u03b1-1,4-linked homogalacturonan backbone (72.7% galacturonic acid) with a methyl-esterification degree of 34.12%. In C57BL\/6J mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), administration of DTP effectively alleviated obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hepatic steatosis, which was accompanied by attenuated oxidative stress and inflammation. 16S rRNA gene sequencing demonstrated that DTP ameliorated gut dysbiosis through targeted regulation of specific taxa rather than a broad reversal at the phylum level. The medium dose of DTP reduced the abundance of obesity-associated genera (Allobaculum, Dubosiella), while high-dose DTP enriched beneficial Bifidobacterium species. Correlation analysis indicated that these microbial shifts were closely associated with the restoration of glucose and lipid homeostasis. Overall, our findings support the potential of DTP as a functional prebiotic ingredient for the management of metabolic diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15193364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T15:35:28Z","timestamp":1790868928000},"page":"3364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Structural Features of a Dancong Tea Polysaccharide and Its Amelioration of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorders Associated with Gut Microbiota Modulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7063-1333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Run","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528453, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zhiyang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528453, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ruisen","family":"Cen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528453, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Junqiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6781-3418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528453, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Medicine-Food Homologous Foods, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528453, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation (2025, March 22). IDF Diabetes Atlas. Available online: https:\/\/diabetesatlas.org\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, March 22). Obesity and Overweight. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/obesity-and-overweight."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.02.003","article-title":"The global burden of metabolic disease: Data from 2000 to 2019","volume":"35","author":"Chew","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giangregorio, F., Mosconi, E., Debellis, M.G., Provini, S., Esposito, C., Garolfi, M., Oraka, S., Kaloudi, O., Mustafazade, G., and Mar\u00edn-Baselga, R. (2024). A Systematic Review of Metabolic Syndrome: Key Correlated Pathologies and Non-Invasive Diagnostic Approaches. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13195880"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szukiewicz, D. (2023). Molecular Mechanisms for the Vicious Cycle between Insulin Resistance and the Inflammatory Response in Obesity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202305.1026.v1"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zatterale, F., Longo, M., Naderi, J., Raciti, G.A., Desiderio, A., Miele, C., and Beguinot, F. (2020). Chronic Adipose Tissue Inflammation Linking Obesity to Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes. Front. Physiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01607"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, B.L., and Norhaizan, M.E. (2019). Effect of High-Fat Diets on Oxidative Stress, Cellular Inflammatory Response and Cognitive Function. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112579"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-016-0303-y","article-title":"Mechanisms of inflammatory responses and development of insulin resistance: How are they interlinked?","volume":"23","author":"Rehman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101238","article-title":"Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease and lipoprotein metabolism","volume":"50","author":"Heeren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-015-0123-1","article-title":"The role of fatty acids in insulin resistance","volume":"14","author":"Sears","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0433-9","article-title":"Gut microbiota in human metabolic health and disease","volume":"19","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k2179","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k2179","article-title":"Role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health","volume":"361","author":"Valdes","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-021-00446-0","article-title":"Gut microbiota influence in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)","volume":"13","author":"Cunningham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-1403","article-title":"Changes in Gut Microbiota Control Metabolic Endotoxemia-Induced Inflammation in High-Fat Diet\u2013Induced Obesity and Diabetes in Mice","volume":"57","author":"Cani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12263-021-00703-6","article-title":"Gut microbiota in patients with obesity and metabolic disorders\u2014A systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2018.07.009","article-title":"The gut microbiome in obesity","volume":"118","author":"Tseng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"John, A., and Raza, H. (2022). Alterations in Inflammatory Cytokines and Redox Homeostasis in LPS-Induced Pancreatic Beta-Cell Toxicity and Mitochondrial Stress: Protection by Azadirachtin. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.867608"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-016-0303-2","article-title":"Impact of the gut microbiota on inflammation, obesity, and metabolic disease","volume":"8","author":"Neves","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2023.109356","article-title":"Polysaccharides from Fu brick tea ameliorate obesity by modulating gut microbiota and gut microbiota-related short chain fatty acid and amino acid metabolism","volume":"118","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, G., Meng, X., Gan, R., Zhao, C., Liu, Q., Feng, Y., Li, S., Wei, X., Atanasov, A.G., and Corke, H. (2019). Health Functions and Related Molecular Mechanisms of Tea Components: An Update Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20246196"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klepacka, J., To\u0144ska, E., Rafa\u0142owski, R., Czarnowska-Kujawska, M., and Opara, B. (2021). Tea as a Source of Biologically Active Compounds in the Human Diet. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26051487"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, L., Fu, Q., Xiang, L., Zheng, X., Lu, J., Ye, J., Li, Q., Polito, C., and Liang, Y. (2016). Tea Polysaccharides and Their Bioactivities. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201609.0013.v1"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2020.108369","article-title":"A neutral polysaccharide from green tea: Structure, effect on \u03b1-amylase activity and hydrolysis property","volume":"687","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.06.058","article-title":"Characterisation of polysaccharides from green tea of Huangshan Maofeng with antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects","volume":"141","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Z., Zeng, W., Zhang, X., and Yang, J. (2022). Characterization of Acidic Tea Polysaccharides from Yellow Leaves of Wuyi Rock Tea and Their Hypoglycemic Activity via Intestinal Flora Regulation in Rats. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11040617"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H246","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2012.02950.x","article-title":"Oral Administration of Puerh Tea Polysaccharides Lowers Blood Glucose Levels and Enhances Antioxidant Status in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice","volume":"77","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Deng, X., Chen, R., Li, Q., Sun, L., Cao, J., Lai, Z., Lai, X., Wang, Z., and Sun, S. (2024). Effect of Black Tea Polysaccharides on Alleviating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Regulating PI3K\/Akt\/GLUT2 Pathway. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13121908"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, J., Zhou, H., Zhang, J., Li, F., Wei, K., Wei, X., and Wang, Y. (2021). Valorization of Polysaccharides Obtained from Dark Tea: Preparation, Physicochemical, Antioxidant, and Hypoglycemic Properties. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10102276"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2022.109103","article-title":"Understanding the aroma diversity of Dancong tea (Camellia sinensis) from the floral and honey odors: Relationship between volatile compounds and sensory characteristics by chemometrics","volume":"140","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, T., Zhao, J., Yin, J., Nie, S., and Xie, M. (2022). Structural Characterization of a Low Molecular Weight HG-Type Pectin From Gougunao Green Tea. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.878249"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2023.105408","article-title":"Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) fruit polysaccharide ameliorated high-fat diet-induced obesity by modulating gut microbiota and improving bile acid metabolism","volume":"101","author":"Mo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2012.081","article-title":"Determining the polysaccharide composition of plant cell walls","volume":"7","author":"Pettolino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"State Administration for Market Regulation of the People\u2019s Republic of China (2023). Health Food Function Inspection and Evaluation Methods (2023 Edition), (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00280883","article-title":"Homeostasis model assessment: Insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man","volume":"28","author":"Matthews","year":"1985","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., Shen, S., Gao, Q., Yu, C., Cheng, H., Pan, H., Chen, S., Ye, X., and Chen, J. (2023). RG-I Domain Matters to the In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics of Pectic Polysaccharides Recycled from Citrus Canning Processing Water. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12050943"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kontogiorgos, V. (2020). Pectin Structure. Pectin: Technological and Physiological Properties, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-53421-9"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2011.208","article-title":"Cholesterol-lowering properties of different pectin types in mildly hyper-cholesterolemic men and women","volume":"66","author":"Brouns","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Recena Aydos, L., Aparecida do Amaral, L., Serafim de Souza, R., Jacobowski, A.C., Freitas Dos Santos, E., and Rodrigues Macedo, M.L. (2019). Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Induced by High-Fat Diet in C57BL\/6 Models. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11123067"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-306928","article-title":"Microbiota and diabetes: An evolving relationship","volume":"63","author":"Tilg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Z., Lyu, W., Ren, Y., Li, X., Zhao, S., Yang, H., and Xiao, Y. (2021). Allobaculum Involves in the Modulation of Intestinal ANGPTL4 Expression in Mice Treated by High-Fat Diet. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.690138"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03500-15","article-title":"Genomics of the Genus Bifidobacterium Reveals Species-Specific Adaptation to the Glycan-Rich Gut Environment","volume":"82","author":"Milani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-024-00524-6","article-title":"Cross-feeding of bifidobacteria promotes intestinal homeostasis: A lifelong perspective on the host health","volume":"10","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon, S.J., Yu, J.S., Min, B.H., Gupta, H., Won, S., Park, H.J., Han, S.H., Kim, B., Kim, K.H., and Kim, B.K. (2023). Bifidobacterium-derived short-chain fatty acids and indole compounds attenuate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by modulating gut-liver axis. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1129904"}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/19\/3364\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T15:43:52Z","timestamp":1790869432000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/19\/3364"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["foods15193364"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods15193364","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]}}}