{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T10:04:01Z","timestamp":1790157841942,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Henan Provincial Science and Technology Research and Development Joint Fund","award":["CYLH2523004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CYLH2523004"]}]},{"name":"Luohe Science and Technology Bureau","award":["CT20260901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CT20260901"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity is a multi-factorial metabolic disease for which safe, food-compatible interventions remain of interest. This narrative review evaluates the leaf-specific evidence for Eriobotrya japonica in obesity-related metabolic dysfunction and examines its bioactive constituents, extraction technologies, and combination research. Direct studies of loquat leaf preparations were distinguished from indirect evidence obtained with isolated compounds or other plant matrices. Preclinical studies indicate that loquat leaf extracts and triterpenoid-acid fractions can reduce lipid accumulation, body-weight gain, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and inflammatory markers in cell and rodent models; however, clinical evidence for obesity is not yet available. Loquat leaves contain triterpenic acids, flavonoids (including flavonols and flavan-3-ols), and phenolic acids, although reported contents vary with origin, harvest stage, and extraction method. Among the technologies reviewed, subcritical water extraction has direct leaf-specific evidence for concentrating corosolic and ursolic acids, whereas evidence for microwave- and enzyme-assisted extraction is less mature or concerns other compound classes. A 1:1 mixture of loquat- and lotus-leaf extracts produced stronger preclinical anti-obesity effects than either extract alone, but formal synergy was not tested; proposed combinations with curcumin or epigallocatechin-3-gallate remain hypotheses. Future work should standardize extracts, link composition to activity, test physical compatibility, and use factorial preclinical designs before clinical translation. Overall, loquat leaf is a promising but still preclinical resource for obesity-related metabolic dysfunction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15193378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T08:14:39Z","timestamp":1790151279000},"page":"3378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Loquat Leaf Extracts and Obesity-Related Metabolic Dysfunction: Current Evidence, Extraction Technologies, and Combination Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Chenxiang","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaiyang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuoyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3782-0825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weiwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1253-3539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianglong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luohe 462300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"100928","article-title":"Depression Prevalence, Screening, and Treatment Rates in Adolescents with Obesity in Ambulatory Settings","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.27173","article-title":"The PI3K\/AKT pathway in obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2608","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13605","article-title":"Body Composition and Progression of Biopsy-Proven Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Patients With Obesity","volume":"15","author":"Wan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.06.003","article-title":"A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature","volume":"79","author":"Lazarus","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3667","article-title":"Obesity and hypertension","volume":"12","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(20)32247-6","article-title":"Association of Metabolic Health and Obesity with Coronary Artery Disease Phenotype","volume":"75","author":"Kammerlander","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocarto.2024.100489","article-title":"Association between sarcopenic obesity and knee osteoarthritis: A narrative review","volume":"6","author":"Balogun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil. Open"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2016.11.006","article-title":"Obesity and the breast cancer methylome","volume":"31","author":"Coleman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e46671","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000046671","article-title":"Gastrointestinal side effects of the non-peptide GLP-1 receptor agonists: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"104","author":"Bhattarai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"uhac265","DOI":"10.1093\/hr\/uhac265","article-title":"Genome assembly of wild loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) and re-sequencing provide new insights into the genomic evolution and fruit domestication in loquat","volume":"10","author":"Jing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hortic. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1080\/08820139.2019.1698599","article-title":"The Inhibitory Effects of Pentacyclic Triterpenes from Loquat Leaf against Th17 Differentiation","volume":"49","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-006-5185-0","article-title":"Effect of triterpene acids of Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. leaf on inflammatory cytokine and mediator induction from alveolar macrophages of chronic bronchitic rats","volume":"56","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115566","article-title":"Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity of Eriobotrya japonica leaves: A summary","volume":"298","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M.H., Yeon, S.W., Ryu, S.H., Lee, H.H., Turk, A., Jeong, S.Y., Kim, Y.J., Lee, K.Y., Hwang, B.Y., and Lee, M.K. (2025). Structural Diversity and Anti-Diabetic Potential of Flavonoids and Phenolic Compounds in Eriobotrya japonica Leaves. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30030736"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"382","article-title":"Effect of Eriobotrya japonica on Adipogenesis and Body Weight","volume":"54","author":"Oh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110866","article-title":"Eriobotrya japonica leaf triterpenoid acids ameliorate metabolic syndrome in C57BL\/6J mice fed with high-fat diet","volume":"132","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2726","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules18032726","article-title":"Cell suspension culture of Eriobotrya japonica regulates the diabetic and hyperlipidemic signs of high-fat-fed mice","volume":"18","author":"Shih","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1515\/ijfe-2016-0054","article-title":"Characteristics of Subcritical Water Extraction and Kinetics of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids from Dry Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) Leaves","volume":"12","author":"Mlyuka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jian, T., Ding, X., Li, J., Wu, Y., Ren, B., Li, J., Lv, H., Chen, J., and Li, W. (2020). Triterpene Acids of Loquat Leaf Improve Inflammation in Cigarette Smoking Induced COPD by Regulating AMPK\/Nrf2 and NF\u03baB Pathways. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030657"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8243","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.4408","article-title":"Oleanolic acid attenuates obesity through modulating the lipid metabolism in high-fat diet-fed mice","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11791","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201900413RRR","article-title":"Maslinic acid protects against obesity-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice through regulation of the Sirt1\/AMPK signaling pathway","volume":"33","author":"Liou","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO03013F","article-title":"Quercetin ameliorates hepatic fat accumulation in high-fat diet-induced obese mice via PPARs","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.17129\/botsci.3487","article-title":"Phytochemical composition of Eriobotrya japonica (Rosaceae) leaves extracts from central Veracruz, Mexico, and its effect on \u03b1-glucosidase enzyme inhibition","volume":"102","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bot. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2023.07.043","article-title":"Rutin attenuates tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1-induced inflammation and initiates fat browning in 3T3-L1 adipocytes: Potential therapeutic implications for anti-obesity therapy","volume":"160","author":"Muvhulawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2021.108840","article-title":"Kaempferol reduces obesity, prevents intestinal inflammation, and modulates gut microbiota in high-fat diet mice","volume":"99","author":"Bian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.12476","article-title":"Effect of tea catechins on gut microbiota in high fat diet-induced obese mice","volume":"103","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.868","article-title":"Chlorogenic acid alleviates obesity and modulates gut microbiota in high-fat-fed mice","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.5650\/jos.ess21258","article-title":"Anti-obesity and Anti-diabetic Effect of Ursolic Acid against Streptozotocin\/High Fat Induced Obese in Diabetic Rats","volume":"71","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Oleo Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, D.-W., Chang, W.-C., Yang, H.-J., Wu, J.S.-B., and Shen, S.-C. (2018). Gallic Acid Alleviates Hypertriglyceridemia and Fat Accumulation via Modulating Glycolysis and Lipolysis Pathways in Perirenal Adipose Tissues of Rats Fed a High-Fructose Diet. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19010254"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.133308","article-title":"Ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvents extraction of polysaccharides from Loquat leaf: Process optimization and bioactivity study","volume":"274","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, S., Wang, W., and Liu, Y. (2023). Research Progress on Extraction and Separation of Active Components from Loquat Leaves. Separations, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/separations10020126"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1007\/s10600-017-1992-5","article-title":"Chemical Constituents of Polygonum cuspidatum","volume":"53","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Nat. Compd."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2024.107136","article-title":"Ultrasound-assisted extraction of triterpenoids from Chaenomeles speciosa leaves: Process optimization, adsorptive enrichment, chemical profiling, and protection against ulcerative colitis","volume":"111","author":"Hou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.10.079","article-title":"Enhanced extraction of hydroxytyrosol, maslinic acid and oleanolic acid from olive pomace: Process parameters, kinetics and thermodynamics, and greenness assessment","volume":"276","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, L., Zhang, L., Xu, L., Ma, Y., Lian, W., Liu, Y., and Wang, Y. (2020). Optimized Extraction of Total Triterpenoids from Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) and Comprehensive Analysis of Triterpenic Acids in Different Cultivars. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9040412"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2020.10.009","article-title":"Increase the Yield of Bioactive Compounds from Elder Bark and Annatto Seeds attaching Ultrasound and Microwave Assisted Extraction Technologies","volume":"125","author":"Bachtler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amangeldinova, M., Ersat\u0131r, M., Cevik, P.K., Yilmaz, M.A., Cak\u0131r, O., Kudrina, N., Mussayeva, A., Kulmanov, T., Terletskaya, N., and Yildirim, M. (2025). Bioactive Potential of Rheum cordatum Losinsk. Leaf Extracts: Phytochemical Insights from Supercritical CO2, Subcritical Ethanol and Ultrasound-Assisted Extractions. Plants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14152314"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12005","article-title":"Technologies for Extraction and Production of Bioactive Compounds to be Used as Nutraceuticals and Food Ingredients: An Overview","volume":"12","author":"Villa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Cruz, I., Contreras, M.D.M., Romero, I., and Castro, E. (2024). Lower Energy-Demanding Extraction of Bioactive Triterpene Acids by Microwave as the First Step towards Biorefining Residual Olive Skin. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13101212"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boukettaya, N., Mhemdi, H., and Kechaou, N. (2025). Multi-Stage Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Tunisian Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Bark. Processes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr13092914"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"373","article-title":"Subcritical Water for the Extraction and Hydrolysis of Protein and Other Fractions in Biorefineries from Agro-food Wastes and Algae: A Review","volume":"14","author":"Torres","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Bioprocess Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2012.01.004","article-title":"Effect of moderate electric fields on salt diffusion into vegetable tissue","volume":"110","author":"Kusnadi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2016.07.074","article-title":"Effects of ohmic heating on extraction of food-grade phytochemicals from colored potato","volume":"74","author":"Pereira","year":"2016","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2009.09.013","article-title":"Environmental impact of novel thermal and non-thermal technologies in food processing","volume":"43","author":"Pereira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, S., Xi, X., Tang, F., Dai, J., Liu, J., Lei, J., and Wang, L. (2017). Subcritical Water Extraction of Ursolic Acid from Hedyotis diffusa. Appl. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/app7020187"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-de-Cerio, E., and Trigueros, E. (2025). Evaluating the Sustainability of Emerging Extraction Technologies for Valorization of Food Waste: Microwave, Ultrasound, Enzyme-Assisted, and Supercritical Fluid Extraction. Agriculture, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture15192100"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Wu, Y., Liu, Y., and Wu, Z. (2017). Complex Enzyme-Assisted Extraction Releases Antioxidative Phenolic Compositions from Guava Leaves. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22101648"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X15500421","article-title":"Anti-Obesity Effects of the Mixture of Eriobotrya japonica and Nelumbo nucifera in Adipocytes and High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice","volume":"43","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118262","article-title":"Advances in the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of Nelumbo nucifera gaertn. Extract nuciferine","volume":"331","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2022.105182","article-title":"Ameliorating mechanism of nuciferine on high-fat diet-induced dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis by regulating intestinal absorption and serum extracellular vesicles in rats","volume":"95","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.111014","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila: A potential novel mechanism of nuciferine to improve hyperlipidemia","volume":"133","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4503","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S327378","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Curcumin in the Inflammatory Diseases: Status, Limitations and Countermeasures","volume":"15","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2019.09.020","article-title":"Curcumin inhibits LPS-induced neuroinflammation by promoting microglial M2 polarization via TREM2\/TLR4\/NF-\u03baB pathways in BV2 cells","volume":"116","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Y., Zhuang, Z., Lu, Y., Tao, T., Zhou, Y., Liu, G., Wang, H., Zhang, D., Wu, L., and Dai, H. (2019). Curcumin Mitigates Neuro-Inflammation by Modulating Microglia Polarization Through Inhibiting TLR4 Axis Signaling Pathway Following Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Front. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01223"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2017.02.004","article-title":"Targeting the TLR4 signaling pathway by polyphenols: A novel therapeutic strategy for neuroinflammation","volume":"36","author":"Rahimifard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7983","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO02159K","article-title":"Curcumin inhibits cigarette smoke-induced inflammation via modulating the PPAR\u03b3-NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4927430","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4927430","article-title":"Curcumin Attenuates Asthmatic Airway Inflammation and Mucus Hypersecretion Involving a PPAR\u03b3-Dependent NF-\u03baB Signaling Pathway In Vivo and In Vitro","volume":"2019","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104921","article-title":"Curcumin: An inflammasome silencer","volume":"159","author":"Hasanzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2020.153238","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of phytochemicals on NLRP3 inflammasome activation: A review","volume":"75","author":"Olcum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202048794","article-title":"Transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of Th17\/Treg balance in health and disease","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2020.11672","article-title":"Curcumin ameliorates DSS-induced colitis in mice by regulating the Treg\/Th17 signaling pathway","volume":"23","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2013.09.011","article-title":"Curcumin and resveratrol act by different ways on NADPH oxidase activity and reactive oxygen species produced by equine neutrophils","volume":"206","author":"Derochette","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem.-Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, X., Bai, D., Wei, Z., Zhang, Y., Huang, Y., Deng, H., and Huang, X. (2019). Curcumin attenuates oxidative stress in RAW264.7 cells by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and activating the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216711"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2641","article-title":"Cancer prevention by tea: Animal studies, molecular mechanisms and human relevance","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"146","article-title":"Weight control and prevention of metabolic syndrome by green tea","volume":"64","author":"Grove","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"355","article-title":"Green tea extract decreases oxidative stress and improves insulin sensitivity in an animal model of insulin resistance, the fructose-fed rat","volume":"28","author":"Benaraba","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12272","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c00973","article-title":"Green Tea Epigallocatechin-3-gallate Ameliorates Lipid Accumulation and Obesity-Associated Metabolic Syndrome via Regulating Autophagy and Lipolysis in Preadipocytes and Adipose Tissue","volume":"73","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food. Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, J., Farah, B.L., Sinha, R.A., Wu, Y., Singh, B.K., Bay, B.-H., Yang, C.S., and Yen, P.M. (2014). Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a green tea polyphenol, stimulates hepatic autophagy and lipid clearance. PLoS ONE, 9, Erratum in PLoS ONE\u00a02014, 9, e96884.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096884"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bustos, A.-S., H\u00e5kansson, A., A Linares-Past\u00e9n, J., Pe\u00f1arrieta, J.M., and Nilsson, L. (2020). Interaction of quercetin and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) aggregates with pancreatic lipase under simplified intestinal conditions. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224853"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.139","article-title":"(\u2212)\u2212Epigallocatechin-3-gallate Inhibits Pancreatic Lipase and Reduces Body Weight Gain in High Fat-Fed Obese Mice","volume":"20","author":"Grove","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4998","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201700400RR","article-title":"EGCG ameliorates high-fat\u2013 and high-fructose\u2013induced cognitive defects by regulating the IRS\/AKT and ERK\/CREB\/BDNF","volume":"31","author":"Mi","year":"2017","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702221108925","article-title":"Green tea epigallocatechin gallate suppresses 3T3-L1 cell growth via microRNA-143\/MAPK7 pathways","volume":"247","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/19\/3378\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T09:11:37Z","timestamp":1790154697000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/19\/3378"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["foods15193378"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods15193378","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]}}}