{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T17:22:34Z","timestamp":1793121754817,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanghai Industrial Collaboration Project","award":["HCXBCY-2023-042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HCXBCY-2023-042"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of intelligent packaging systems with dual monitoring and antibacterial capacities still poses one of the most substantial challenges for scientific advancement. In this study, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and grape skin extract (GSE) were employed as the carrier polymer and coloring agent in the round-side of electrospun Janus nanofibers, respectively, and titanium dioxide (TiO2) was used as the crescent-side active component. To overcome the bottleneck of low production efficiency in traditional needle-based electrospinning, an innovative \u201cneedles-in-holes\u201d eccentric spinneret was developed, enabling side-by-side electrospinning for the first time and batch-scale fabrication of Janus-structured nanofibrous membranes with a 20-fold yield compared to traditional needle-based electrospinning. The resulting Janus membrane demonstrates high colorimetric sensitivity; superior hydrophobicity; excellent stability; and robust mechanical, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. It exhibits a strong linear correlation in monitoring total volatile basic nitrogen and pH levels in river perch (Perca fluviatilis). Based on the pH-responsive properties of GSE, the Janus fiber membrane exhibited a distinct color change from off-white to light blue at 4 \u00b0C. Combined with the antibacterial effect of TiO2, the films effectively extended the shelf life of sea bass by 2 days. This work not only provides a high-performance multifunctional membrane for real-time freshness monitoring and preservation of fish products, but also demonstrates a batch-production strategy of side-by-side electrospinning, offering significant potential for intelligent food-packaging applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15193391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T16:10:31Z","timestamp":1790179831000},"page":"3391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Batch Productions of Electrospun Janus Nanofibrous Films for Multifunctional Food-Packaging Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Tingyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuyun","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyi","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7825-4498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deng-Guang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.130934","article-title":"Multipurpose Arrowroot Starch Films with Anthocyanin-Rich Grape Pomace Extract: Color Migration for Food Simulants and Monitoring the Freshness of Fish Meat","volume":"265","author":"Nogueira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpsl.2024.101299","article-title":"Smart Bilayer Film: Quality Monitoring for Freshness of Fish and Minced Pork Delights","volume":"44","author":"Romruen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Packag. Shelf Life"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benedetto, A., Robotti, E., Belay, M.H., Ghignone, A., Fabbris, A., Goggi, E., Cerruti, S., Manfredi, M., Barberis, E., and Peletto, S. (2024). Multi-Omics Approaches for Freshness Estimation and Detection of Illicit Conservation Treatments in Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): Data Fusion Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031509"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2023.102545","article-title":"The Impact of Marine and Terrestrial Based Extracts on the Freshness Quality of Modified Atmosphere Packed Sea Bass Fillets","volume":"53","author":"Ozogul","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2017.11.038","article-title":"Nanoencapsulation of Liquid Smoke\/Thymol Combination in Chitosan Nanofibers to Delay Microbiological Spoilage of Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Fillets","volume":"229","author":"Ceylan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2025.111361","article-title":"Fabrication of Gelatin-Based Photodynamic Food Packaging with Dual-Antimicrobial Activity for Enhanced Pork Preservation","volume":"166","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110540","article-title":"Effect of Chlorogenic Acid Grafted Chitosan on Microbiological Compositions of Sea Bass (Lateolabrax japonicus) Fillets: Dominant Spoilage Bacteria, Inhibition Activity and Membrane Damage Mechanisms","volume":"411","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.136876","article-title":"Recent Developments in Nanoemulsions Against Spoilage in Cold-Stored Fish: A Review","volume":"429","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.01.006","article-title":"Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen (TVB-N) and Its Role in Meat Spoilage: A Review","volume":"109","author":"Bekhit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.314039","article-title":"Microbiota-Derived Trimethylamine","volume":"123","author":"Kiouptsi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5615","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b01170","article-title":"Rapid Quantification of Trimethylamine","volume":"88","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Z., Chang, J., Zhou, J., Shi, Y., Chen, H., Han, L., Tu, M., and Li, T. (2023). Characterization and Mechanism of Tea Polyphenols Inhibiting Biogenic Amine Accumulation in Marinated Spanish Mackerel. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12122347"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.137423","article-title":"A Ratiometric Fluorescence Amine Sensor Based on Carbon Quantum Dot-Loaded Electrospun Polyvinylidene Fluoride Film for Visual Monitoring of Food Freshness","volume":"434","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.10.015","article-title":"Simultaneous Determination of Sodium Iron Chlorophyllin and Sodium Copper Chlorophyllin in Food Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry","volume":"276","author":"Chong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moon, E.J., Kim, Y., Xu, Y., Na, Y., Giaccia, A.J., and Lee, J.H. (2020). Evaluation of Salmon, Tuna, and Beef Freshness Using A Portable Spectrometer. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20154299"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.136784","article-title":"A Polylactide Based Multifunctional Hydrophobic Film for Tracking Evaluation and Maintaining Beef Freshness by An Electrospinning Technique","volume":"428","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c07572","article-title":"Thermal-Driven Curcumin Release Film with Dual-Mode Synergistic Antibacterial Behavior for Efficient Tangerine Preservation","volume":"72","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2024.110372","article-title":"Electrospun Film Polyvinyl Alcohol\/Chitosan Loaded with Cinnamon Essential Oil and Inhibitory Effects on Polyphenol Oxidase and Dominant Spoilage Bacteria from Pacific White Shrimp","volume":"156","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.131909","article-title":"A High-Stable and Sensitive Colorimetric Nanofiber Sensor Based on PCL Incorporating Anthocyanins for Shrimp Freshness","volume":"377","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.160","article-title":"Monitoring Freshness of Chicken Breast by Using Natural Halochromic Curcumin Loaded Chitosan\/PEO Nanofibers As An Intelligent Package","volume":"170","author":"Yildiz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2025.145795","article-title":"Preparation of Cinnamon Essential Oil-Micelles\/Blueberry Anthocyanins-Loaded PVA Bifunctional Electrospinning Nanofibrous Film for Maintaining and Monitoring Shrimp Freshness","volume":"493","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2023.108930","article-title":"Beeswax Coating Improves the Hydrophobicity of Sodium Alginate\/Anthocyanin\/Cellulose Nanocrystal Indicator Film","volume":"144","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18857","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c07117","article-title":"Synthesis and Fabrication of Betulin-Derived Polysulfide and Polysulfoxide Electrospun Fibers for Fruit Preservation","volume":"71","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivanov, Y., and Godjevargova, T. (2024). Antimicrobial Polymer Films with Grape Seed and Skin Extracts for Food Packaging. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12071378"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.141357","article-title":"Enhancing Sensitivity and Stability of Natural Pigments in pH-Responsive Freshness Indicators: A Review","volume":"463","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412817","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202412817","article-title":"Dual-Mode Bionic Visual-Olfactory Co-Sensory for On-Site Biogenic Amines Recognition and Food Freshness Prediction","volume":"35","author":"Maimaiti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.05.001","article-title":"Effect of Vacuum Impregnated Fish Gelatin and Grape Seed Extract on Metabolite Profiles of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fillets During Storage","volume":"293","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3645","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TA08981J","article-title":"Monodisperse Anatase Titania Microspheres with High-Thermal Stability and Large Pore Size (Approximately 80 nm) As Efficient Photocatalysts","volume":"5","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11806","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c02608","article-title":"Recent Advances in Sustainable Antimicrobial Food Packaging: Insights into Release Mechanisms, Design Strategies, and Applications in the Food Industry","volume":"71","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2024.110231","article-title":"Antibacterial Nanofibrous Film Encapsulated with 4-Terpineol\/\u03b2-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes: Relative Humidity-Triggered Release and Shrimps Preservation Application","volume":"156","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2026.141327","article-title":"Piezo-Photocatalytic Interfacial Charge Regulation in Batch-Produced PVDF@MOF\/Pt Core-Sheath Nanofibrous Membranes","volume":"749","author":"Gao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Colloid. Surf. A"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.141054","article-title":"Fish Freshness Monitoring Based on Bilayer Cellulose Acetate\/Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membranes Containing ZIF-8 Loaded Curcumin","volume":"463","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2021.118361","article-title":"Enhancing DCMD Vapor Flux of PVDF-HFP Membrane with Hydrophilic Silica Fibers","volume":"263","author":"Makanjuola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2025.101494","article-title":"Electrospinning and Electrospun Nanofibers: From Academic Research to Industrial Production","volume":"154","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2025.126396","article-title":"Enhancing the Aqueous Solubility of Hemin at Physiological pH through Encapsulation within Polyvinylpyrrolidone Nanofibres","volume":"687","author":"Anderson","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c05352","article-title":"Electrospun Nanofibers: Current Progress and Applications in Food Systems","volume":"70","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21662","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202521662","article-title":"The Coupling of Gradient Mechano-Electrical Microenvironments Promotes Interface Regeneration via Ca2+ Signaling Activation","volume":"36","author":"Yao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00357","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.202500357","article-title":"Electrospun Composite Lavandula Angustifolia Mill. Extract\/PVP Nanofibers","volume":"311","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.142542","article-title":"Real-Time Shrimp Freshness Detection by Anthocyanin-Enriched Wheat Gluten\/Gelatin Electrospun Nanofiber Films","volume":"469","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2507498","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202507498","article-title":"Janus Electrospun Membranes","volume":"37","author":"Si","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19324","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202519324","article-title":"Advanced Applications of Responsive Nanomaterials in Intelligent Food Packaging","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202500564","DOI":"10.1002\/open.202500564","article-title":"Core-Sheath Nanofibers from A Modified Coaxial Electrospinning for Transdermal Delivery of Finasteride","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2026","journal-title":"ChemistryOpen"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1039\/D5PM00265F","article-title":"Recent Advances in Electrospun Nanofiber-Based Implantable Drug Delivery Systems for Breast Cancer Therapy","volume":"3","author":"Xing","year":"2026","journal-title":"RSC Pharm."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2026.104307","article-title":"New Generations of Electrospun Janus Nanofibers for Drug Delivery","volume":"115","author":"Yu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Q., Lv, H., Dong, R., Yi, W., Wang, H., Liu, H., Yu, D.-G., and Yi, T. (2026). Fast Dissolving Resveratrol-Polyvinylpyrrolidone Nanofibrous Films Fabricated in Bulk Using A Special Hole Electrospinning Technique. Polymers, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym18070795"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2026.176198","article-title":"One-Step Batch Fabrication of ZnCo-ZIFs@TiO2 Nanofibers via Modified Triaxial Electrospinning for Enhanced Photocatalytic Antibiotic Degradation through Peroxymonosulfate Activation","volume":"536","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, R., Gong, W., Guo, Q., Liu, H., and Yu, D.-G. (2024). Synergistic Effects of Radial Distributions of Soluble and Insoluble Polymers within Electrospun Nanofibers for An Extending Release of Ferulic Acid. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16182614"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2025.214432","article-title":"Structure, Performance and Tissue Repair Evaluation of Biodegradable Core-Sheath Fiber Patch Loaded with Curcumin Nano-Micelles","volume":"178","author":"Qi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2500364","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202500364","article-title":"Coaxial Electrospun ZIF-8@PAN Nanofiber Membranes for Tetracycline and Doxycycline Aadsorption in Wastewater","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8437","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c23055","article-title":"Electrospinning SA@PVDF-HFP Core-Shell Nanofibers Based on A Visual Light Transmission Response to Alcohol for Intelligent Packaging","volume":"14","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1080\/17435889.2024.2446139","article-title":"Versatility of Electrospun Janus Wound Dressings","volume":"20","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e05523","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202505523","article-title":"Electrospun Tri-Layer Core-Sheath Nanofibrous Coating for Sequential Treatment of Postoperative Complications in Orthopedic Implants","volume":"21","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1039\/D2BM01513G","article-title":"Multifluid Electrospinning for Multi-Drug Delivery Systems: Pros and Cons, Challenges, and Future Directions","volume":"11","author":"Tabakoglu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tabakoglu, S., Kolbuk, D., and Sajkiewicz, P. (2025). Triaxial Electrospun Nanofiber Membranes for Prolonged Curcumin Release in Dental Applications: Drug Release and Biological Properties. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30214241"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Gong, W., Zhang, Z., Zhou, J., Yu, D.-G., and Yi, T. (2024). Reverse Gradient Distributions of Drug and Polymer Molecules within Electrospun Core-Shell Nanofibers for Sustained Release. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25, Correction in Int. J. Mol. Sci.\u00a02025, 26, 9552.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199552"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coche.2015.11.007","article-title":"Titanium Dioxide-Based Antibacterial Surfaces for Water Treatment","volume":"11","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serov, D.A., Gritsaeva, A.V., Yanbaev, F.M., Simakin, A.V., and Gudkov, S.V. (2024). Review of Antimicrobial Properties of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910519"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2025.106280","article-title":"Enhanced Stability of Anthocyanins and Phages by Titanium Dioxide-Loaded Cyclodextrin-Metal Organic Frameworks: Application As A Cherry Tomato Preservative","volume":"66","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2007.06.119","article-title":"Photocatalytic Removal of Hazardous Dye Cyanosine from Industrial Waste Using Titanium Dioxide","volume":"152","author":"Jain","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"(2000). Standard Guide for Accountability and Quality Control in the Chemical Analysis Laboratory (Standard No. ASTM E882-00)."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2020.110290","article-title":"A Visual Indicator Based on Curcumin with High Stability for Monitoring the Freshness of Freshwater Shrimp","volume":"292","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.177","article-title":"Preparation of On-Package Halochromic Freshness\/Spoilage Nanocellulose Label for the Visual Shelf Life Estimation of Meat","volume":"164","author":"Taherkhani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2022.04.110","article-title":"Electrospun Polylactic Acid\/Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone) Fibrous Encapsulated Thymol\/MIL-68(Al) As A Food Packaging Material","volume":"18","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"(2016). National Food Safety Standard\u2014Determination of Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen in Food (Standard No. GB 5009.288-2016)."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"(2016). National Food Safety Standard\u2014Determination of pH Value in Food (Standard No. GB 5009.237-2016)."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2026.110255","article-title":"One-Step Eccentric Side-by-Side Electrospraying of Janus Particle Coatings on Cotton in An Ethanol-Water System for Multifunctional Finishing","volume":"217","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, B., Yang, M., Yao, R., Zhao, H., Yu, D., Du, L., Zou, S., and Zhu, Y. (2026). Waterproof Fabric with Copper Ion-Loaded Multicompartmental Nanoparticle Coatings for Jellyfish Repellency. Pharmaceutics, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18010047"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2026.214808","article-title":"Comparative Study of Bio-Based and Synthetic Phase Change Materials Functionalized Coaxial Fibers for Photothermal-Controlled Drug Delivery","volume":"184","author":"Zhou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44015","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c03877","article-title":"Scalable and Systematical Conversions of Domestic Wastes to Core-Sheath Nanofibers for Photocatalytic Degradation of Antibiotics","volume":"11","author":"Dong","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Yu, D.-G., Wang, X., Li, X., Xu, Y., and Yang, C. (2017). An Eccentric Spinneret and Its Application. (Chinese Patent CN104611773A), (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Yu, D.-G., He, C., Zhao, Y., Zhou, J., Liu, Y., Zhu, Y., and Wang, L. (2025). Tube-Through-Storage Tank Integrated Spinneret for Guiding Double Fluid, Electrospinning Apparatus and Implementation Methods. (202510975193.0), Chinese Invention Patent Application Number, (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.132224","article-title":"Development of Nanofiber Indicator with High Sensitivity for Pork Preservation and Freshness Monitoring","volume":"381","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503819","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202503819","article-title":"Nanofillers Reinforcing Biopolymer Composites for Sustainable Food Packaging Applications: A State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"35","author":"Baishya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14592","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c01493","article-title":"Composite Sustained-Release Antibacterial Films Formed by Hydrogen-Bonding Cross-Linking of Sulfobutylether-\u03b2-Cyclodextrin@Curcumin Inclusion Complexes with Gelatin for Grape Preservation","volume":"73","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411314","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202411314","article-title":"A Fluorescent Polyvinyl Alcohol Film with Efficient Photodynamic Antimicrobial Performance Enabled by Berberine\/Phytic Acid Salt for Food Preservation","volume":"35","author":"Ning","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roschhuk, V., Wongphan, P., Laorenza, Y., Klinmalai, P., and Harnkarnsujarit, N. (2026). Influence of Organic Salts on Molecular Interactions, Film Performance, and Antimicrobial Activity of TPS\/PBAT Blown Films. Foods, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15071148"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roschhuk, V., Laorenza, Y., Klinmalai, P., and Harnkarnsujarit, N. (2026). Active TPS\/PBAT Blown Films Incorporating Sodium Lactate for Improved Oxygen Barrier, Antimicrobial Activity, and Cheese Preservation. Foods, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15040763"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freitas, B.L.S., Almeida, N.P., Haddad, F.F., Oliveira, L.S., and Franca, A.S. (2025). Evaluation of Buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L.) Oil as an Additive for Carbohydrate-Based Biodegradable Films. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14244330"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahma, L.D., Srisa, A., Wongphan, P., Nakphaichit, M., Sablani, S.S., and Harnkarnsujarit, N. (2025). Pregelatinized Starch-Based Edible Films as Effective Carriers for Bacillus coagulans: Influence of Starch Type on Film Properties and Probiotic Viability. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14142424"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nxmate.2024.100119","article-title":"Electrospun Multi-Chamber Nanostructures for Sustainable Biobased Chemical Nanofibers","volume":"2","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Next Mater."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70345","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.70345","article-title":"Electrospun Janus Nanofibrous Mats as Multifunctional Fish Preservation Gaskets","volume":"311","author":"He","year":"2026","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51819","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.6c06260","article-title":"Janus Films Fabricated Using Modified Electrospinning for Converting Dosage Form of Watermelon Frost","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajamohan, R., Muhammed, A.P., Raorane, C.J., Ramasundaram, S., Raja, I.S., Subramanian, S.A., Kim, S.C., Oh, T.H., and Sun, S. (2025). Electrospun Nanofibers of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Enriched with Active Antimicrobial Tannic Acid for the Improvement of the Shelf Life of Cherry Tomatoes. Materials, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18133112"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Chen, T., Dou, H., and Yu, D.-G. (2026). Electrospun Integrated Janus Nanofibers for Asynchronous Delivery of Finasteride and Tibetan Medicine. Pharmaceutics, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18091160"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8957","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-023-04986-0","article-title":"Towards Sustainable Food Packaging Films Using Cellulose Acetate and Polyvinylidene Fluoride Matrix Enriched with Mango Peel Extract","volume":"14","author":"Farouk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Bior."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31121","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-025-06851-8","article-title":"Development of Packaging Films from Banana Pseudostem Sap and PVDF: Mechanical and Thermal Properties","volume":"15","author":"Muthukumarasamy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Bior."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2025.151280","article-title":"Reaction Mechanism of Polyvinylidene Fluoride in Supercritical Water: Product Distribution, Role of Supercritical Water, F-Element Migration Pathway and Hydrogen Formation Mechanism","volume":"171","author":"Jia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energ."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.133958","article-title":"Molecular Dynamic Study on Mechanisms of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Decomposition by Using Supercritical Water","volume":"431","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/19\/3391\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T04:17:53Z","timestamp":1790309873000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/19\/3391"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["foods15193391"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods15193391","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]}}}