{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:01:28Z","timestamp":1792789288905,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010728","name":"ICAR-IVRI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010728","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ka27b61","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ka27b61","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"USDA-NIFA","award":["1016249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1016249"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of nitrite and nitrate in processed meats is a public health concern because they can form potentially carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds. This study developed and characterized a natural phytochemical formulation comprising roselle flower and moringa flower powder, and cinnamon essential oil (5.5:4:0.5) as a potential nitrite alternative in emulsion-based chicken sausages. The formulation exhibited strong antioxidant activity, with high total phenolic content (147.44 mg GAE\/g) and effective DPPH radical-scavenging capacity. Gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS) analysis preliminarily identified diverse bioactive secondary metabolites. It also demonstrated broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against major foodborne pathogens and remained stable across varying pH (2\u20136) and temperature (37\u2013100 \u00b0C) conditions. Toxicity evaluations, including red blood cell hemolysis, probiotic compatibility, and Vero cell cytotoxicity assays, confirmed its non-toxic nature. Chicken sausages containing different levels of the phytochemical formulation (0\u20131%) and sodium nitrite (0\u2013150 ppm) were stored at 4 \u00b1 1 \u00b0C for 20 days and evaluated periodically. Compared with controls, sausages containing the formulation showed significantly (p \u2264 0.05) improved water retention (22% vs. 25%), nutritional quality (moisture = 66.02 vs. 67.24%, total ash = 2.09 vs. 2.32%, and carbohydrate = 2.76 vs. 2.98%), and texture (1.88 vs. 1.80 kgf\/cm2 on day 0 and 1.44 vs. 1.64 kgf\/cm2 on day 20), while exhibiting lower lipid oxidation (0.287 vs. 0.278 mg MDA\/kg on day 0 and 2.031 vs. 0.761 mg MDA\/kg on day 20), residual nitrite levels (80.35 vs. 31.10 mg\/kg on day 0 and 46.96 vs. 16.03 mg\/kg on day 20), and microbial counts [total viable count (1.58 vs. 1.28 log CFU\/g on day 0 and 4.65 vs. 3.52 log CFU\/g on day 20), psychrophiles (3.56 vs. 1.24 log CFU\/g on day 20), coliforms (undetectable), Staphylococcus aureus (2.55 vs. 1.34 log CFU\/g on day 20)]. Although complete nitrite replacement produced an undesirably dark color, partial replacement (1\/2 to 2\/3, i.e., 75\u2013100 ppm nitrite) maintained product quality, and shelf life, highlighting the formulation\u2019s potential for cleaner-label, healthier processed meat products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15193450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T11:35:59Z","timestamp":1790595359000},"page":"3450","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Innovative Blend of Cinnamon Essential Oil, Roselle, and Moringa Flower Powders as a Natural Alternative to Sodium Nitrite in Chicken Sausage Processing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4910-8325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annada","family":"Das","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Livestock Products Technology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India"},{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Campus 4, Siksha \u2018O\u2019 Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar 751029, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Subhasish","family":"Biswas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Livestock Products Technology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9355-1885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaushik","family":"Satyaprakash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Rajiv Gandhi South Campus, Mirzapur 231001, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Dipanwita","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Rajiv Gandhi South Campus, Mirzapur 231001, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4460-2965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pramod K.","family":"Nanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastern Regional Station, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gopal","family":"Patra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Livestock Products Technology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India"},{"name":"Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3640-1554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arun K.","family":"Bhunia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"},{"name":"Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"},{"name":"Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4215-6436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arun K.","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastern Regional Station, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2012.03.001","article-title":"Sodium Nitrite: The \u201cCure\u201d for Nitric Oxide Insufficiency","volume":"92","author":"Parthasarathy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2022.113283","article-title":"Pitaya Peel Extract and Lemon Seed Essential Oil as Effective Sodium Nitrite Replacement in Cured Mutton","volume":"160","author":"Xin","year":"2022","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.17.0675","article-title":"Microbiological Safety of Processed Meat Products Formulated with Low Nitrite 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