{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:56:34Z","timestamp":1790744194398,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005056","name":"National Institute of Fisheries Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R2026064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R2026064"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005056","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R2026064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R2026064"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02chzeh21","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rendered animal by-products such as meat meal are promising fish meal alternatives owing to their high protein content; however, they contain little n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), whose effects on fillet fatty acid quality and endogenous LC-PUFA biosynthesis in chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) remain unclear. We evaluated the growth, fillet fatty acid composition, and hepatic gene expression of chum salmon fed four diets\u2014a control with 50% fish meal (D1), diets with 35% or 20% fish meal and the remainder replaced by meat meal (D2 and D3), and a D3-like diet with reduced fish oil (D4). Growth performance and feed utilization were unaffected, whereas the hepatosomatic index decreased as meat meal inclusion increased. Muscle n-3 LC-PUFA decreased with fish meal replacement but did not differ between D3 and D4. Serum non-specific immune parameters were unaffected, whereas serum GPx and catalase activities were lowest in fish fed D3. Although srebf1 (sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1) expression increased at the highest replacement level, fads2 (fatty acid desaturase 2) and elovl5 (elongation of very long-chain fatty acids protein 5) were not upregulated, indicating that the reduced n-3 LC-PUFA supply was not compensated by endogenous biosynthesis. Overall, meat meal can replace up to 60% of fish meal without compromising growth, but adequate dietary n-3 LC-PUFA should be maintained to preserve fillet quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15193475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T15:57:57Z","timestamp":1790611077000},"page":"3475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of Fish Meal Replacement with Meat Meal on the Growth and Fillet Nutritional Quality of Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9873-631X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seong-Mok","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquafeed Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Buk-gu, Pohang 37517, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9006-6844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinho","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquafeed Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Buk-gu, Pohang 37517, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Gi","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquafeed Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Buk-gu, Pohang 37517, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4193-9279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"June","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquafeed Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Buk-gu, Pohang 37517, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daehyun","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquafeed Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Buk-gu, Pohang 37517, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye Jeong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquafeed Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Buk-gu, Pohang 37517, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae Sook","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquafeed Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Buk-gu, Pohang 37517, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi-Soon","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquafeed Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Buk-gu, Pohang 37517, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8842781","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/8842781","article-title":"Effects of dietary fishmeal replacement with soybean meal on growth performance, digestion, hepatic metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and innate immunity of juvenile large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea)","volume":"2023","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquacult. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2025.106631","article-title":"The impact of climate change and economic development on the catches of small pelagic fisheries","volume":"175","author":"Fang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaman, M.F.U., Li, R., and Cho, S.H. (2022). Evaluation of meat meal as a replacer for fish meal in diet on growth performance, feed utilization, chemical composition, hematology, and innate immune responses of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Fishes, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes7060343"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baek, S.I., and Cho, S.H. (2024). Dietary replacement effect of fish meal by tuna by-product meal on growth and feed availability of red sea bream (Pagrus major). Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14050688"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8883739","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/8883739","article-title":"Effects of dietary fish meal replacement with alternative protein ingredients and their combinations on growth performance, feed utilization, fillet composition, and biochemical parameters of red seabream (Pagrus major)","volume":"2023","author":"Gunathilaka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquac. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, R., and Cho, S.H. (2025). Fish meal replacement by chicken by-product meal in diet: Impacts on growth and feed availability of juvenile rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii), and economical analysis. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15010080"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Groot, C., and Margolis, L. (1991). Pacific Salmon Life Histories, UBC Press."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, D., Joo, G.-J., Jung, E., Gim, J.-S., Seong, K.B., Kim, D.-H., Lineman, M.J.M., Kim, H.-W., and Jo, H. (2022). The spatial distribution and morphological characteristics of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in South Korea. Fishes, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes7010027"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4630480","DOI":"10.1155\/anu\/4630480","article-title":"Fish meal replacement in chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) diet with alternative protein sources","volume":"2025","author":"Gunathilaka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquac. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-97890-8","article-title":"Behavioral patterns of Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) during spawning migration across the coastal water-river continuum in Northeastern Korea","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, K.-H., Gong, I.-H., Jung, S.-J., Oh, M.-J., Jung, M.-H., Han, H.-J., Kim, H.J., and Kim, W.-S. (2024). First report of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) caused by Renibacterium salmoninarum in chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) farmed in South Korea. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12112329"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(99)00353-1","article-title":"Fish meal replacement by plant meals in extruded feeds for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.","volume":"185","author":"Carter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70020","DOI":"10.1111\/jwas.70020","article-title":"Corn-fermented protein as a replacement for fish meal in diets for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, parr: Growth, feed utilization, antioxidant activity, non-specific immune response, and gut histopathology","volume":"56","author":"Hong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. World Aquacult. Soc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3920\/JIFF2016.0056","article-title":"Hermetia illucens meal as fish meal replacement for rainbow trout on farm","volume":"3","author":"Stadtlander","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Insects Food Feed."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(01)00526-9","article-title":"Antinutritional factors present in plant-derived alternate fish feed ingredients and their effects in fish","volume":"199","author":"Francis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.13326","article-title":"Dietary substitution of fish meal by meat meal: Effects on juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) growth performance, feed utilization, haematology, biochemical profile and disease resistance against Streptococcus iniae","volume":"27","author":"Ha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquacult. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2023.739467","article-title":"Substitution effect of fish meal with meat meal in diet on growth performance, feed consumption, feed utilization, chemical composition, hematology, and innate immune responses of rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii)","volume":"571","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s10126-022-10144-w","article-title":"Molecular regulation of biosynthesis of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in Atlantic salmon","volume":"24","author":"Datsomor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mar. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"AOAC (2003). Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Association of Official Analytical Chemists Incorporated. [17th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)64849-5","article-title":"A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues","volume":"226","author":"Folch","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58915-6","article-title":"Comparative transcriptome profiling of selected osmotic regulatory proteins in the gill during seawater acclimation of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) fry","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u2212\u0394\u0394CT method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.47853\/FAS.2022.e48","article-title":"Apparent digestibility coefficients of animal feed ingredients for olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)","volume":"25","author":"Rahman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, G. (2021). Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition and Metabolism, Springer. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-85686-1"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"92","article-title":"The use of meat meal as a dietary protein source replacing fish meal in juvenile rockfish Sebastes schlegelii","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Aquacult."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2012.10.025","article-title":"Effects of fish meal quality and fish meal substitution by animal protein blend on growth performance, flesh quality and liver histology of Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus)","volume":"372\u2013375","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.2331\/fishsci.63.877","article-title":"Meat meal as a protein source in the diet of juvenile Japanese Flounde","volume":"63","author":"Sato","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2016.03.036","article-title":"Effects of dietary inclusion of fermented soybean meal on growth, body composition, antioxidant enzyme activity and disease resistance of rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii)","volume":"459","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s12562-014-0818-7","article-title":"Effects of replacing fish meal with rendered animal protein and plant protein sources on growth response, biological indices, and amino acid availability for rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss","volume":"81","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2008.03.033","article-title":"Potential of using a blend of rendered animal protein ingredients to replace fish meal in practical diets for Malabar grouper (Epinephelus malabricus)","volume":"281","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baek, S.I., and Cho, S.H. (2024). Effects of dietary inclusion of a crude protein source exhibiting the strongest attractiveness to red sea bream (Pagrus major) on growth, feed availability, and economic efficiency. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14050771"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yue, Y., Chen, M., Bao, X., Yu, Y., Shi, W., Kumkhong, S., Liu, Y., Yang, Y., and Yu, H. (2022). Effects of three feed attractants on the growth performance and meat quality of the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Front. Mar. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.1029969"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-57722-3","article-title":"Growth, health aspects and histopathology of brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus L.): Replacing fishmeal with soybean meal and brewer\u2019s yeast","volume":"10","author":"Safner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villasante, A., Figueroa, E., Godoy, K., Dantagnan, P., L\u00f3pez-Polo, J., Opazo, R., and Romero, J. (2025). Impact of plant-based diets on hepatosomatic index, circulating globulins and growth in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fishes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes10030110"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.734203","article-title":"Effects of replacing fish meal with rendered animal protein blend on growth performance, hepatic steatosis and immune status in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus\u2640 \u00d7 Epinephelus lanceolatus\u2642)","volume":"511","author":"Ye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9589317","DOI":"10.1155\/anu\/9589317","article-title":"Effect of partial or complete substitution of fish meal by meat meal in the feed of Red Sea bream (Pagrus major) on the growth performance and feed utilization","volume":"2025","author":"Sim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aquac. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(03)00025-5","article-title":"Fish performance, fillet characteristics, and health assessment index of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed diets containing adequate and high concentrations of lipid and vitamin E","volume":"219","author":"Chaiyapechara","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, X., Song, Z., Li, C., Hu, X., Ge, Y., Cheng, L., Shi, X., and Jia, Z. (2024). Effects of dietary lipid levels on the growth, muscle fatty acid and amino acid composition, antioxidant capacity, and lipid deposition in mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio). Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14172583"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(99)00168-4","article-title":"Effect of dietary lipid level on growth performance and feed utilization by European sea bass juveniles (Dicentrarchus labrax)","volume":"179","author":"Peres","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(00)00498-1","article-title":"Fat deposition and flesh quality in seawater reared, triploid brown trout (Salmo trutta) as affected by dietary fat levels and starvation","volume":"193","author":"Regost","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8659(1978)107<751:IOVLCW>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Influence of varying lipid concentrations with two protein concentrations in diets for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)","volume":"107","author":"Reinitz","year":"1978","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Fish. Soc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2005.04.038","article-title":"Effect of dietary lipid level on growth performance, lipid deposition, hepatic lipogenesis in juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum)","volume":"249","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.12559","article-title":"Response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to unrefined peanut oil diets: Effect on growth performance, fish health and fillet fatty acid composition","volume":"24","author":"Acar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquacult. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filipa-Silva, A., Marques, A., Salgado, M.A., Abreu, H., Dias, J., and Valente, L.M.P. (2023). Exploring alternative marine lipid sources as substitutes for fish oil in Farmed sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and their influence on organoleptic, chemical, and nutritional properties during cold storage. Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2023.1224370"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.738555","article-title":"Improved fillet quality in harvest-size Atlantic salmon fed high n-3 canola oil as a DHA-source","volume":"560","author":"Hatlen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6284","DOI":"10.1021\/jf200686z","article-title":"Role of the Raw Composition of pelagic fish muscle on the development of lipid oxidation and rancidity during storage","volume":"59","author":"Maestre","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.4082\/kjfm.2010.31.8.587","article-title":"Cardiovascular Disease and Health Functional Foods","volume":"31","author":"Cho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Korean J. Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21892","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21892","article-title":"Impact of Sustainable Feeds on Omega-3 Long-Chain Fatty Acid Levels in Farmed Atlantic Salmon, 2006\u20132015","volume":"6","author":"Sprague","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bojarski, B., Witeska, M., and Kondera, E. (2025). Blood biochemical biomarkers in fish toxicology\u2014A review. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15070965"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2007.11.021","article-title":"The current state of serum biomarkers of hepatotoxicity","volume":"245","author":"Ozer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"338","article-title":"Evaluation of serum levels of CYP2D6, CYP3A4, GSH, and MDA as predictive biomarkers for methamphetamine-induced liver dysfunction using advanced statistical modeling","volume":"18","author":"Salman","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-008-9277-3","article-title":"Determination of normal values of some blood serum enzymes in Acipenser stellatus Pallas","volume":"36","author":"Shahsavani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fish. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"1","article-title":"Conservation of lipid metabolic gene transcriptional regulatory networks in fish and mammals","volume":"534","author":"Tocher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2010.12.008","article-title":"Transcriptional control mechanisms of genes of lipid and fatty acid metabolism in the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) established cell line, SHK-1","volume":"1811","author":"Minghetti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morais, S., Pratoomyot, J., Taggart, J.B., Bron, J.E., Guy, D.R., Bell, J.G., and Tocher, D.R. (2011). Genotype-specific responses in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) subject to dietary fish oil replacement by vegetable oil: A liver transcriptomic analysis. BMC Genom., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-12-255"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2009.06.010","article-title":"Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis in fish: Comparative analysis of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) \u03946 fatty acyl desaturase gene promoters","volume":"154","author":"Zheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-003-1120-y","article-title":"Effects of dietary vegetable oil on Atlantic salmon hepatocyte fatty acid desaturation and liver fatty acid compositions","volume":"38","author":"Tocher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(01)02318-6","article-title":"Genome Duplication, Divergent Resolution and Speciation","volume":"17","author":"Taylor","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-020518-115250","article-title":"New Insights on Intermediary Metabolism for a Better Understanding of Nutrition in Teleosts","volume":"7","author":"Panserat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-005-1355-7","article-title":"Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acid Synthesis in Vertebrates: New Insights with the Cloning and Characterization of a \u03946 Desaturase of Atlantic Salmon","volume":"40","author":"Zheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"1072","article-title":"Multiple Genes for Functional\u2206 6 Fatty Acyl Desaturases (Fad) in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.): Gene and cDNA Characterization, Functional Expression, Tissue Distribution and Nutritional Regulation","volume":"1801","author":"Monroig","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids"}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/19\/3475\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:10:41Z","timestamp":1790741441000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/19\/3475"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["foods15193475"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods15193475","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]}}}