{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T08:56:35Z","timestamp":1790931395249,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82160775"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82160775"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["82160775"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82160775"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Projects of Guangxi Natural Science Foundation","award":["2021GXNSFDA075008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021GXNSFDA075008"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral Startup Fund Project of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","award":["2025-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-01"]}]},{"name":"Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talents Workstation for Elemental Chinese Materia Medica Innovation and High-Efficiency Utilization","award":["KXJZ[2025]045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KXJZ[2025]045"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Litchi seed is a major by-product of the litchi processing industry, rich in polyphenols and flavonoids with documented anti-inflammatory properties. Prostatic inflammatory injury remains a prevalent male health concern, and dietary intervention with natural bioactive components represents a promising strategy for prostate health maintenance. This study investigated the protective efficacy of LCS2, a bioactive fraction isolated from litchi seed by-product, against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced prostatic inflammatory injury in rats and explored its underlying mechanisms. LCS2 was obtained via extraction, purification, and activity screening, and its chemical profile was characterized by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS\/MS). Its anti-inflammatory activity and pathway regulatory effects were evaluated in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and further verified in a rat model of LPS-induced acute prostatic inflammation. A total of 26 compounds, mainly flavonoids, polyphenols, and tannins, were tentatively identified in LCS2. In vitro, LCS2 pretreatment with LCS2 at concentrations up to 40 \u03bcg\/mL dose-dependently suppressed LPS-induced overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels, and downregulated iNOS and COX-2 protein expression. In vivo, 7-day dietary pretreatment with LCS2 at doses up to 100 mg\/kg ameliorated prostate histopathological injury, reduced peripheral inflammatory cell counts, and decreased inflammatory mediator levels in serum and prostate tissue by inhibiting NF-\u03baB and MAPK pathway activation. These findings support the high-value valorization of litchi seed by-product and highlight the potential of LCS2 for further development as a bioactive component for prostate health applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15193524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T08:15:18Z","timestamp":1790928918000},"page":"3524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bioactive Fraction LCS2 from Litchi (Litchi chinensisSonn.) Seed By-Product Attenuates LPS-Induced Acute Prostatic Inflammatory Injury via Modulating NF-\u03baB and MAPK Signaling Pathways"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9021-8614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuping","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, \r\n\t  Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,\r\n\t  Guiyang 550025, China"},{"name":"School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yingjie","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Traditional Chinese and Zhuang-Yao Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Qinqin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Junmao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jiaping","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Traditional Chinese and Zhuang-Yao Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8590-4364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renyikun","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Traditional Chinese and Zhuang-Yao Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9179-750X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongwei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Traditional Chinese and Zhuang-Yao Ethnic Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Lichun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, \r\n\t  Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,\r\n\t  Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c07046","article-title":"Polyphenol-Rich Extract from Litchi chinensis Seeds Alleviates Hypertension-Induced Renal Damage in Rats","volume":"69","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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