{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:04:09Z","timestamp":1792789449617,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","award":["SIP 20251156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIP 20251156"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059sp8j34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","award":["SIP 20251160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIP 20251160"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059sp8j34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","award":["SIP 20260233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIP 20260233"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059sp8j34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","award":["SIP 20260234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIP 20260234"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059sp8j34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["SIP 20251156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIP 20251156"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059sp8j34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["SIP 20251160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIP 20251160"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059sp8j34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["SIP 20260233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIP 20260233"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059sp8j34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["SIP 20260234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SIP 20260234"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059sp8j34","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cheese whey is a widely available agri-food byproduct whose high organic load presents significant challenges for the dairy industry and environmental management. Its biovalorization into high-value, sustainable functional lipids is increasingly important given the environmental concerns associated with conventional vegetable oil production. This study examines the isolation, identification, and characterization of a wild-type yeast strain capable of synthesizing oleic acid-rich oil from cheese whey. Screening six different sources yielded thirteen microbial isolates capable of growing on whey lactose, of which five demonstrated neutral lipid accumulation. The isolate with the highest lipid content was selected and molecularly identified as Kluyveromyces marxianus CM3b. Batch cultivation of K. marxianus CM3b in whey-based medium reached a maximum biomass concentration of 5.50 \u00b1 0.06 g\/L and a lipid concentration of 2.68 \u00b1 0.08 g\/L at 24 h, corresponding to a lipid yield of 0.49 \u00b1 0.02 g\/g of biomass (approximately 49% w\/w) and a 24-h volumetric lipid productivity of 2.68 \u00b1 0.08 g\/L\u00b7d. The extracted oil contained a high proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids (69.56%), predominantly oleic acid (53.51%), and a fatty acid profile comparable to those of avocado and olive oils. These findings highlight K. marxianus CM3b as a promising wild-type strain for the sustainable production of oleic acid-rich microbial oil from a whey-based substrate. However, further physicochemical characterization and strain-specific safety assessment are required to establish its suitability for food applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15193556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T10:13:02Z","timestamp":1791367982000},"page":"3556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Newly Isolated Kluyveromyces marxianus Strain Capable of Producing Oleic Acid-Rich Oil for Human Consumption from Whey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3411-1639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"P\u00e9rez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Bioqu\u00edmica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s\/n, Unidad Profesional Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07738, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Av. Acueducto, Barrio La Laguna Ticom\u00e1n, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Carlos Alberto","family":"Montenegro-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Bioqu\u00edmica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s\/n, Unidad Profesional Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07738, Mexico"},{"name":"Instituto Amaz\u00f3nico de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas Sinchi, Avenida V\u00e1squez Cobo Entre Calles 15 y 16, Leticia 910001, Amazonas, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5837-799X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar Mateo","family":"Flores-Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Biolog\u00eda, Tecnolog\u00eda y Prototipos, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Avenida de los Barrios No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz 54090, Estado de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio Nacional de Salud, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Avenida de los Barrios No. 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla de Baz 54090, Estado de M\u00e9xico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2656-6937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana","family":"Morales-Barrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Bioqu\u00edmica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s\/n, Unidad Profesional Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07738, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8470-0711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliseo","family":"Cristiani-Urbina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Bioqu\u00edmica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s\/n, Unidad Profesional Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 07738, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasilakis, G., Karayannis, D., Massouras, T., Politis, I., and Papanikolaou, S. (2022). Biotechnological Conversions of Mizithra Second Cheese Whey by Wild-Type Non-Conventional Yeast Strains: Production of Yeast Cell Biomass, Single-Cell Oil and Polysaccharides. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app122211471"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.17113\/ftb.59.02.21.6968","article-title":"Whey Utilization: Sustainable Uses and Environmental Approach","volume":"59","author":"Zandona","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhat, R. (2021). Chapter 19\u2014Whey: Generation, Recovery, and Use of a Relevant by-Product. Valorization of Agri-Food Wastes and By-Products, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-824044-1.00022-2"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2022.102086","article-title":"Cheese Whey Valorization to Obtain Single-Cell Oils of Industrial Interest: An Overview","volume":"50","author":"Balagurusamy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malos, I.G., Ghizdareanu, A.-I., Vidu, L., Matei, C.B., and Pasarin, D. (2025). The Role of Whey in Functional Microorganism Growth and Metabolite Generation: A Biotechnological Perspective. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14091488"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"101280","article-title":"Whey\u2014From Waste to a Valuable Resource","volume":"18","author":"Besediuk","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0307.12935","article-title":"Recent Advances in Whey Processing and Valorisation: Technological and Environmental Perspectives","volume":"76","author":"Buchanan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Dairy Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leroy-Freitas, D., Mu\u00f1oz, R., Mart\u00ednez-Mendoza, L.J., Mart\u00ednez-Fraile, C., and Garc\u00eda-Depraect, O. (2024). Enhancing Biohydrogen Production: The Role of Iron-Based Nanoparticles in Continuous Lactate-Driven Dark Fermentation of Powdered Cheese Whey. Fermentation, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation10060296"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barba, F.J. (2021). An Integrated Approach for the Valorization of Cheese Whey. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10030564"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Luca, M., Pappalardo, I., Limongi, A.R., Viviano, E., Radice, R.P., Todisco, S., Martelli, G., Infantino, V., and Vassallo, A. (2021). Lipids from Microalgae for Cosmetic Applications. Cosmetics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics8020052"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"U\u011fur, \u015e., Zieniuk, B., and Fabiszewska, A. (2024). Nutritional and Medicinal Properties of Microbial Oil. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14104232"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e28615","article-title":"Application of Microbial Resources in Biorefineries: Current Trend and Future Prospects","volume":"10","author":"Gaur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3617","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.1644","article-title":"High Dietary Oleic Acid in Olive Oil-Supplemented Diet Enhanced Omega-3 Fatty Acid in Blood Plasma of Rats","volume":"8","author":"Nogoy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10732","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47057-z","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effects of Oleic Acid in Rodent Models of Cerebral Ischaemia","volume":"9","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10903","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2023.2283719","article-title":"Novel High-Oleic Oil Consumption for Cardiometabolic Health: A Narrative Review","volume":"64","author":"Desjardins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2017.11.009","article-title":"Palmitic and Oleic Acid: The Yin and Yang of Fatty Acids in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"29","author":"Palomer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"201","article-title":"An Overview of the Modulatory Effects of Oleic Acid in Health and Disease","volume":"13","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mini-Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santa-Mar\u00eda, C., L\u00f3pez-Enr\u00edquez, S., Montserrat-de la Paz, S., Geniz, I., Reyes-Quiroz, M.E., Moreno, M., Palomares, F., Sobrino, F., and Alba, G. (2023). Update on Anti-Inflammatory Molecular Mechanisms Induced by Oleic Acid. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15010224"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"978","article-title":"Role of Oleic Acid in Immune System; Mechanism of Action; a Review","volume":"27","author":"Carrillo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.-Y., Le, D.D., Bae, C.-S., Park, J.W., Lee, M., Cho, S.-S., and Park, D.-H. (2024). Oleic Acid Attenuates Asthma Pathogenesis via Th1\/Th2 Immune Cell Modulation, TLR3\/4-NF-\u03baB-Related Inflammation Suppression, and Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway Induction. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1429591"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.15568\/am.2014.792.or01","article-title":"Efecto antioxidante del \u00e1cido oleico e hidroxitirosol en un modelo experimental similar a la enfermedad de Huntington. Antioxidant effect of oleic acid and hydroxytyrosol in an experimental model similar to Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"99","year":"2014","journal-title":"Actual. MEDICA"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.04.038","article-title":"Oleic Acid Synthesized by Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD-1) in the Lateral Periventricular Zone of the Developing Rat Brain Mediates Neuronal Growth, Migration and the Arrangement of Prospective Synapses","volume":"1570","author":"Tello","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06313-9","article-title":"Protective Role of Oleic Acid against Palmitic Acid-Induced Pancreatic Fibrosis","volume":"23","author":"Frendi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D602","DOI":"10.1051\/ocl\/2013029","article-title":"Microbial Oils: An Introductory Overview of Current Status and Future Prospects","volume":"20","author":"Ratledge","year":"2013","journal-title":"OCL"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1002\/yea.3827","article-title":"Oleaginous Yeasts: Time to Rethink the Definition?","volume":"39","author":"Vandeputte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Yeast"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1002\/ejlt.201100014","article-title":"Lipids of Oleaginous Yeasts. Part I: Biochemistry of Single Cell Oil Production","volume":"113","author":"Papanikolaou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fufo.2025.100658","article-title":"Single Cell Oils from Oleaginous Yeasts and Metabolic Engineering for Potent Cultivated Lipids: A Review with Food Application Perspectives","volume":"11","author":"Nguyen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Future Foods"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caporusso, A., Capece, A., and De Bari, I. (2021). Oleaginous Yeasts as Cell Factories for the Sustainable Production of Microbial Lipids by the Valorization of Agri-Food Wastes. Fermentation, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation7020050"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biteb.2024.101871","article-title":"Oleaginous Microorganisms as a Sustainable Oil Source with a Focus on Downstream Processing and Cost-Lowering Production Strategies: A Review","volume":"26","author":"Nunes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2024.131601","article-title":"Current Upstream and Downstream Process Strategies for Sustainable Yeast Lipid Production","volume":"414","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbr.2022.11.003","article-title":"Oleaginous Yeasts: Biodiversity and Cultivation","volume":"44","author":"Poontawee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fungal Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2024.131770","article-title":"Strategies for Cultivation, Enhancing Lipid Production, and Recovery in Oleaginous Yeasts","volume":"416","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel, A., Karageorgou, D., Rova, E., Katapodis, P., Rova, U., Christakopoulos, P., and Matsakas, L. (2020). An Overview of Potential Oleaginous Microorganisms and Their Role in Biodiesel and Omega-3 Fatty Acid-Based Industries. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8030434"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D603","DOI":"10.1051\/ocl\/2013034","article-title":"Microorganisms as Sources of Oils","volume":"20","author":"Thevenieau","year":"2013","journal-title":"OCL"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-9592(99)00116-8","article-title":"Batch and Fed-Batch Cultures for the Treatment of Whey with Mixed Yeast Cultures","volume":"35","year":"2000","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"445","article-title":"Obtention of a Lactose Hydrolysate from Nanofiltration of Sweet Whey: Characterization and Process Optimization","volume":"19","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Mex. Ing. Qu\u00edm."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Montenegro-Herrera, C. (2017). Aislamiento, Caracterizaci\u00f3n, Selecci\u00f3n e Identificaci\u00f3n de Microorganismos Capaces de Producir L\u00edpidos a Partir de Suero L\u00e1cteo. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional]."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A Rapid and Sensitive Method for the Quantitation of Microgram Quantities of Protein Utilizing the Principle of Protein-Dye Binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Hill, A., and Ferrer, M.A. (2021). Heat-Acid Precipitated Cheese. Cheese Making Technology E-Book, University of Guelph. Available online: https:\/\/books.lib.uoguelph.ca\/cheesemakingtechnologyebook\/chapter\/8-5-heat-acid-precipitated-cheese\/."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2013.055","article-title":"Imaging of Neutral Lipids by Oil Red O for Analyzing the Metabolic Status in Health and Disease","volume":"8","author":"Mehlem","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5325804","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5325804","article-title":"A Fast and Simple Qualitative Method for Screening Oleaginous Yeasts on Agar","volume":"2018","author":"Niehus","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ochsenreither, K., Gl\u00fcck, C., Stressler, T., Fischer, L., and Syldatk, C. (2016). Production Strategies and Applications of Microbial Single Cell Oils. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01539"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0301047","article-title":"Regulation of Lipid Accumulation in Oleaginous Micro-Organisms","volume":"30","author":"Ratledge","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)64849-5","article-title":"A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipides from animal tissues","volume":"226","author":"Folch","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)40190-7","article-title":"Preparation of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters and Dimethylacetals from Lipids with Boron Fluoride\u2013Methanol","volume":"5","author":"Morrison","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J., and White, T.J. (1990). 38\u2014Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. PCR Protocols, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"myae040","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myae040","article-title":"Candida Tropicalis\u2014A Systematic Review to Inform the World Health Organization of a Fungal Priority Pathogens List","volume":"62","author":"Keighley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Melo Pereira, G.V., Maske, B.L., de Carvalho Neto, D.P., Karp, S.G., De Dea Lindner, J., Martin, J.G.P., de Oliveira Hosken, B., and Soccol, C.R. (2022). What Is Candida Doing in My Food? A Review and Safety Alert on Its Use as Starter Cultures in Fermented Foods. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10091855"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.19053\/01228420.v14.n2.2017.7176","article-title":"Identificaci\u00f3n de agentes mic\u00f3ticos en muestras de leche obtenidas de tanques de enfriamiento","volume":"14","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cienc. Agric."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1139\/w2012-077","article-title":"Candida Krusei: Biotechnological Potentials and Concerns about Its Safety","volume":"58","author":"Yadav","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"myad132","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myad132","article-title":"Pichia kudriavzevii (Candida krusei): A Systematic Review to Inform the World Health Organisation Priority List of Fungal Pathogens","volume":"62","author":"Nguyen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-014-0170-z","article-title":"On the Reclassification of Species Assigned to Candida and Other Anamorphic Ascomycetous Yeast Genera Based on Phylogenetic Circumscription","volume":"106","author":"Daniel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antonie Van. Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holban, A.M., and Grumezescu, A.M. (2018). Chapter 1\u2014A New Approach: Replacement and Alternative Foods for Food Industry. Alternative and Replacement Foods, Academic Press. Handbook of Food Bioengineering.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-811446-9.00001-0"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108818","article-title":"Kluyveromyces marxianus: An Emerging Yeast Cell Factory for Applications in Food and Biotechnology","volume":"333","author":"Karim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/yea.3054","article-title":"Cell Factory Applications of the Yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus for the Biotechnological Production of Natural Flavour and Fragrance Molecules","volume":"32","author":"Morrissey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Yeast"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reina-Posso, D., and Gonzales-Zubiate, F.A. (2025). Expanding Horizons: The Untapped Potential of Kluyveromyces marxianus in Biotechnological Applications. Fermentation, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation11020098"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Allende, A., Alvarez-Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez, A., Bortolaia, V., Bover-Cid, S., De Cesare, A., Dohmen, W., Guillier, L., Jacxsens, L., and Nauta, M. (2026). Update of the List of Qualified Presumption of Safety (QPS) Recommended Microbiological Agents Intentionally Added to Food or Feed as Notified to EFSA 24: Suitability of Taxonomic Units Notified to EFSA until March 2026. EFSA J., 24, e10155.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2026.10155"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-011-9606-x","article-title":"Physiological and Metabolic Diversity in the Yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus","volume":"100","author":"Lane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antonie Van. Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01410-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01410-18","article-title":"Engineering Kluyveromyces marxianus as a Robust Synthetic Biology Platform Host","volume":"9","author":"Cernak","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2017.08.065","article-title":"Development of a Rapid and Reliable TaqMan Probe-Based Real-Time PCR Assay for the Detection and Enumeration of the Multifaceted Yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus in Dairy Products","volume":"87","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2025.101221","article-title":"From Genetic Constraints to Process Hurdles: A Review of Kluyveromyces marxianus for Efficient Bio-Manufacturing and Bio-Processing in Food Industry","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-10224-3","article-title":"Integration of Comprehensive Data and Biotechnological Tools for Industrial Applications of Kluyveromyces marxianus","volume":"104","author":"Nurcholis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6061042","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6061042","article-title":"Identification and Characterization of Oleaginous Yeast Isolated from Kefir and Its Ability to Accumulate Intracellular Fats in Deproteinated Potato Wastewater with Different Carbon Sources","volume":"2017","author":"Gientka","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2022.105334","article-title":"Bioconversion of Electro-Activated Lactose, Whey and Whey Permeate to Produce Single Cell Protein, Ethanol, Aroma Volatiles, Organic Acids and Fat by Kluyveromyces marxianus","volume":"129","author":"Karim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koukoumaki, D.I., Papanikolaou, S., Ioannou, Z., Mourtzinos, I., and Sarris, D. (2024). Single-Cell Protein and Ethanol Production of a Newly Isolated Kluyveromyces marxianus Strain through Cheese Whey Valorization. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13121892"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-020-03996-1","article-title":"Evaluating Crude Whey for Bioethanol Production Using Non-Saccharomyces Yeast, Kluyveromyces Marxianus","volume":"3","author":"Tesfaw","year":"2021","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011617914709","article-title":"Utilisation of Cheese Whey as an Alternative Growth Medium for Recombinant Strains of Kluyveromyces Marxianus","volume":"23","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"64","article-title":"Efecto de la concentraci\u00f3n de lactosa sobre la cin\u00e9tica de crecimiento de Kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus y la producci\u00f3n de b-D-galactosidasa (E.C. 3.2.1.23)","volume":"30","author":"Araujo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. T\u00e9c. Fac. Ing. Univ. Zulia"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2005.05.009","article-title":"Ethanol Production from Crude Whey by Kluyveromyces marxianus","volume":"27","author":"Zafar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.9767\/bcrec.7.3.4044.179-184","article-title":"Ethanol Production from Whey by Kluyveromyces marxianus in Batch Fermentation System: Kinetics Parameters Estimation","volume":"7","author":"Ariyanti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. Chem. React. Eng. Catal."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/s10295-005-0245-y","article-title":"Fed-Batch Fermentation for Production of Kluyveromyces marxianusFII 510700 Cultivated on a Lactose-Based Medium","volume":"32","author":"Lukondeh","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2017.08.027","article-title":"Single Cell Oil and Its Application for Biodiesel Production","volume":"111","author":"Madani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.01.068","article-title":"A Sustainable Use of Ricotta Cheese Whey for Microbial Biodiesel Production","volume":"584\u2013585","author":"Carota","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5461","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-021-01405-1","article-title":"Lipid Production from Crude Glycerol by Newly Isolated Oleaginous Yeasts: Strain Selection, Molecular Identification and Fatty Acid Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Berikten","year":"2021","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valorization"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822014000200003","article-title":"Optimization of Lipids Production by Cryptococcus Laurentii 11 Using Cheese Whey with Molasses","volume":"45","author":"Castanha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1002\/elsc.201000063","article-title":"Cheese Whey as a Renewable Substrate for Microbial Lipid and Biomass Production by Zygomycetes","volume":"10","author":"Vamvakaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eng. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2012.10.078","article-title":"Oil Production by Mortierella Isabellina from Whey Treated with Lactase","volume":"128","author":"Demir","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2014.05.018","article-title":"Efficient Conversion from Cheese Whey to Lipid Using Cryptococcus curvatus","volume":"90","author":"Seo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Sarkar, T., and Smaoui, S. (2026). Chapter 25\u2014Microbial Fats and Oils: Innovative Lipids for Culinary Applications. Dietary, Sensory and Gastronomic Applications, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.03.006","article-title":"Microbial Oil\u2014A Plausible Alternate Resource for Food and Fuel Application","volume":"233","author":"Bharathiraja","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duman-\u00d6zdamar, Z.E., Saccenti, E., van der Glas, R., Martins dos Santos, V.A.P., Hugenholtz, J., and Suarez-Diez, M. (2026). Steering Fatty Acid Composition of Yeast Microbial Oil via Genetic Modification and Bioprocess Adjustment. Fermentation, 12.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.03.14.643280"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winkelman, D.C., and Nikolau, B.J. (2022). The Effects of Carbon Source and Growth Temperature on the Fatty Acid Profiles of Thermobifida Fusca. Front. Mol. Biosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.896226"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.33073\/pjm-2014-063","article-title":"Identification of Some Yeasts by Fatty Acid Profiles","volume":"63","author":"Aloklah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pol. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3651","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-09742-x","article-title":"Oleaginous Yeasts for Sustainable Lipid Production\u2014From Biodiesel to Surf Boards, a Wide Range of \u201cGreen\u201d Applications","volume":"103","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1002\/elsc.201500156","article-title":"Newly Isolated Yeasts from Tunisian Microhabitats: Lipid Accumulation and Fatty Acid Composition","volume":"17","author":"Arous","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eng. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"72","article-title":"A Review on Persea Americana Mill. (Avocado)\u2014Its Fruit and Oil","volume":"8","author":"Ranade","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. PharmTech Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abrante-Pascual, S., Nieva-Echevarr\u00eda, B., and Goicoechea-Oses, E. (2024). Vegetable Oils and Their Use for Frying: A Review of Their Compositional Differences and Degradation. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13244186"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2020.01.012","article-title":"Growth and Lipid Production of Rhodotorula glutinis R4, in Comparison to Other Oleaginous Yeasts","volume":"310","author":"Maza","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2020.124612","article-title":"Microbial Lipids from Organic Wastes: Outlook and Challenges","volume":"323","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/19\/3556\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T04:19:30Z","timestamp":1791519570000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/19\/3556"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["foods15193556"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods15193556","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]}}}