{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:00:53Z","timestamp":1792789253401,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"Scientific and Technological Research Council of T\u00fcrkiye","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1919B012426945"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1919B012426945"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["1919B012426945"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1919B012426945"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04w9kkr77","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Kubra Feyza EROL"},{"name":"Gozde KUTLU"},{"name":"Ankara Medipol University","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01c9cnw16","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01c9cnw16","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Edible flowers are increasingly recognized as sources of bioactive compounds; however, comparative evidence on their nutritional composition, gastrointestinal bioaccessibility, and biological activities remains limited. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the proximate and mineral composition, total and individual phenolic profiles, antioxidant capacity, and amino acid composition of Jasminum officinale, Althaea officinalis, and Viola odorata flowers before and after simulated gastrointestinal digestion, with particular emphasis on the bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds and amino acids. In addition, the enzyme inhibitory activities and in vitro effects of the flower extracts on the viability of HEK-293, Caco-2, and MiaPaCa-2 cells were investigated. The proximate composition varied among the edible flowers, with dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, ash, and carbohydrate contents ranging from 8.35 to 11.43%, 3.80 to 4.74%, 2.55 to 4.35%, 9.57 to 11.88%, and 69.40 to 79.94%, respectively. The mineral composition also varied considerably among the edible flowers, with calcium (936.32\u20131463.23 mg\/100 g dw) and potassium (1637.74\u20131857.46 mg\/100 g dw) being the predominant minerals. J. officinale was particularly rich in magnesium (342.45 mg\/100 g dw), A. officinalis in calcium and zinc (1463.23 and 4.62 mg\/100 g dw, respectively), and V. odorata in phosphorus, iron, and manganese (253.56, 18.39, and 5.78 mg\/100 g dw, respectively). Before digestion, J. officinale exhibited the highest total phenolic content (884.00 mg GAE\/100 g) and antioxidant capacity, with a phenolic bioaccessibility index of 60.89%. Simulated digestion generally reduced the phenolic content and antioxidant activity. V. odorata was particularly rich in protocatechuic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, and ellagic acid. A. officinalis showed the strongest in vitro inhibitory activity against \u03b1-glucosidase, \u03b1-amylase, acetylcholinesterase, and lipoxygenase, whereas J. officinale exhibited the strongest butyrylcholinesterase inhibition. Extracts displayed differential cytotoxic effects against Caco-2 and MiaPaCa-2 cells, while effects on HEK-293 cells were comparatively weaker. Overall, these findings demonstrate species-specific nutritional and bioactive profiles and support further investigation of edible flowers as multifunctional food ingredients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15193561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T11:26:53Z","timestamp":1791458813000},"page":"3561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Assessment of the Nutritional, Phenolic, and Amino Acid Profiles, INFOGEST-Based Gastrointestinal Bioaccessibility, and Biological Activities of Althaea officinalis, Jasminum officinale, and Viola odorata"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5852-7200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zehra","family":"Yaman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Hamidiye Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, 34668 \u0130stanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Kubra Feyza","family":"Erol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Hamidiye Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, 34668 \u0130stanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Gozde","family":"Kutlu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, Faculty of Fine Arts, Design and Architecture, Ankara Medipol University, 06050 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e39165","article-title":"Hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities of Jasminum officinale L. with identification and characterization of phytocompounds","volume":"10","author":"Thakur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-024-02702-1","article-title":"A sustainable innovation: Functionalization of pasta with methanol extract of Turkish red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) barks","volume":"16","author":"Erol","year":"2025","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valorization"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70224","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.70224","article-title":"Ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from black pine (Pinus nigra) bark: Optimization and evaluation of their in vitro bioactivities","volume":"13","author":"Erol","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.55147\/efse.1505289","article-title":"Teff: Its applicability in various food uses and potential as a key component in gluten-free food formulations\u2014An overview of existing literature research","volume":"5","author":"Kutlu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Food Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1934578X251323393","article-title":"Natural antidiabetic agents: Current evidence and development pathways from medicinal plants to clinical use","volume":"20","author":"Uti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2024.105669","article-title":"Assessment of antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, anti-Alzheimer and anti-cancer properties, along with bioaccessibility and bioactive potential of Polygonum cognatum Meissn. extracts from various cities in T\u00fcrkiye","volume":"63","author":"Erol","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.70178","article-title":"Incorporation of mad\u0131mak (Polygonum cognatum Meissn.) leaf powder into gluten-free bread formulations: Evaluation of their nutritional, antidiabetic, color, bioactive, textural, and sensory properties","volume":"106","author":"Kutlu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5887","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867326666190618113613","article-title":"Natural products as potential anti-Alzheimer agents","volume":"27","author":"Panda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2174\/138620706777698481","article-title":"Antioxidants and inflammatory disease: Synthetic and natural antioxidants with anti-inflammatory activity","volume":"9","author":"Geronikaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"28","article-title":"An in vitro assessment of the bioactive, cytotoxic, and antidiabetic potential of different parts of tumbleweed (Gundelia tournefortii L.)","volume":"50","author":"Kutlu","year":"2025","journal-title":"G\u0131da"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgfs.2022.100618","article-title":"Edible flowers as sources of bioactive compounds: Determination of phenolic extraction conditions","volume":"30","author":"Yasar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Gastron. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ksi\u0105\u017ckiewicz, M., Karczewska, M., Nawrot, F., Korybalska, K., and Studzi\u0144ska-Sroka, E. (2025). Traditionally used edible flowers as a source of neuroactive, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory extracts and bioactive compounds: A narrative review. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30030677"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1122","article-title":"Pharmacological and therapeutic properties of Jasminum officinale L.: A review","volume":"49","author":"Sahu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"3","article-title":"Phytochemical compounds and biomedical properties of Althaea officinalis","volume":"23","author":"Baimakhanova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Memdueva, N., Tzanova, M., Staleva, P., Kamenova-Nacheva, M., Krastilova, K., Yaneva, Z., Rusenova, R., Grozeva, R., Ginin, S., and Dinev, T. (2026). Phytochemical content, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of Althaea officinalis L. extracts prepared by \u201cgreen\u201d classical and natural deep eutectic solvents. Molecules, 31.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31101575"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"784","article-title":"Total antioxidant status, antimicrobial and antiproliferative potentials of Viola odorata (Fragrant Violet)","volume":"47","author":"Mohammed","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Fac. Pharm. Ank. Univ."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"215","article-title":"Phytochemical and pharmacological potential of Viola odorata","volume":"2","author":"Mittal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharmacogn."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zawi\u015blak, A., Francik, R., Francik, S., and Knapczyk, A. (2022). Impact of drying conditions on antioxidant activity of red clover (Trifolium pratense), sweet violet (Viola odorata) and elderberry flowers (Sambucus nigra). Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15093317"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balkrishna, A., Rohela, A., Kumar, A., Kumar, A., Arya, V., Thakur, P., Oleksak, P., Krejcar, O., Verma, R., and Kumar, D. (2021). Mechanistic insight into antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of Jasminum species: A herbal approach for disease management. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10061089"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32602","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-19442-4","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic assessment of flavonoids isolated from Viola odorata flowers with computer-guided docking study","volume":"15","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.32598\/IJT.16.1.869.1","article-title":"The extract of Viola odorata flowers improves the biochemical, pancreas histological, and insulin resistance parameters in an animal model of diabetes","volume":"16","author":"Gazor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran. J. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"375","article-title":"GC\u2013MS based profiling of volatile constituents in shade-dried Althaea officinalis L. flowers","volume":"40","author":"Sevindik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cukurova J. Agric. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2010.516754","article-title":"Pharmacological evaluation of aqueous extract of Althaea officinalis flower grown in Lebanon","volume":"49","author":"Mroueh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.9734\/jpri\/2021\/v33i64B36173","article-title":"Extraction, phytochemical screening and antioxidant potential of hydroalcoholic extract of Viola odorata Linn","volume":"33","author":"Tiwari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4756","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3455","article-title":"Protective effects of Althaea officinalis L. extract against N-diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in male Wistar rats through antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, mitochondrial apoptosis and PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR signaling pathways","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apar\u0131, M., Erol, K.F., and Kutlu, G. (2026). Development of a Plant Bioactive-Rich Tahini-Based Powder Enriched with Pea Protein and Coconut Milk Powder: Antioxidant Properties, Nutritional Characterization, In Vitro INFOGEST Static Digestion. Foods, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods15183268"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1039\/C3FO60702J","article-title":"A standardised static in vitro digestion method suitable for food\u2014An international consensus","volume":"5","author":"Minekus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e72188","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.72188","article-title":"Bioaccessibility of phytochemicals, amino acids, antioxidant capacity, and enzyme inhibitory activities of hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) fruits following INFOGEST simulated gastrointestinal digestion","volume":"14","author":"Erol","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(14)60229-X","article-title":"15-Lipoxygenase inhibition of Commelina benghalensis, Tradescantia fluminensis, Tradescantia zebrina","volume":"4","author":"Alaba","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6672","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules17066672","article-title":"Edible flowers\u2014A new promising source of mineral elements in human nutrition","volume":"17","author":"Rop","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2019.111771","article-title":"Phytochemical analysis, cellular antioxidant and \u03b1-glucosidase inhibitory activities of various herb plant organs","volume":"141","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hermed.2022.100575","article-title":"Chemical characterization and in vitro biological evaluation of aqueous extract of Althaea officinalis L. flower grown in Lebanon","volume":"34","author":"Farhat","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2010.02.025","article-title":"Solvent effects on the antioxidant capacity of lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants measured by CUPRAC, ABTS\/persulphate and FRAP methods","volume":"81","author":"Apak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7429","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0611668","article-title":"High-throughput relative DPPH radical scavenging capacity assay","volume":"54","author":"Cheng","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4684","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.1878100","article-title":"Changes in bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of plant-based foods by gastrointestinal digestion: A review","volume":"62","author":"Ketnawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200700086","article-title":"Common tea formulations modulate in vitro digestive recovery of green tea catechins","volume":"51","author":"Green","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.103851","article-title":"Bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds of jaboticaba (Plinia jaboticaba) peel and seed after simulated gastrointestinal digestion and gut microbiota fermentation","volume":"67","author":"Inada","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, L., and Wang, X. (2025). A comprehensive review of phenolic compounds in horticultural plants. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125767"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.3390\/nu3050574","article-title":"Dietary proteins as determinants of metabolic and physiologic functions of the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"3","author":"Luhovyy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serena-Romero, G., Ignot-Guti\u00e9rrez, A., Conde-Rivas, O., Lima-Silva, M.Y., Mart\u00ednez, A.J., Guajardo-Flores, D., and Cruz-Huerta, E. (2023). Impact of in vitro digestion on the digestibility, amino acid release, and antioxidant activity of amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.) and ca\u00f1ihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) proteins in Caco-2 and HepG2 cells. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12122075"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38059","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA06729K","article-title":"Investigation of the free radical scavenging ability of L-tryptophan and its derivatives using experimental methods and quantum chemical calculations","volume":"14","author":"Thong","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2023.135352","article-title":"Radical scavenging abilities of L-tyrosine and L-DOPA Schiff bases and their fluorescence binding studies and molecular docking interactions with bovine serum albumin","volume":"1284","author":"Ndayiragije","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.03.112","article-title":"Effect of fermentation on the antioxidant activity in plant-based foods","volume":"160","author":"Hur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1192","article-title":"Specific roles of threonine in intestinal mucosal integrity and barrier function","volume":"3","author":"Mao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2003.11.005","article-title":"Sulfur containing amino acids and human disease","volume":"58","author":"Townsend","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.06.004","article-title":"Tryptophan metabolism in health and disease","volume":"35","author":"Xue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ajomiwe, N., Boland, M., Phongthai, S., Bagiyal, M., Singh, J., and Kaur, L. (2024). Protein nutrition: Understanding structure, digestibility, and bioavailability for optimal health. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13111771"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2023.100992","article-title":"Structural properties of food proteins underlying stability or susceptibility to human gastrointestinal digestion","volume":"50","author":"Picariello","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38909","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-22736-2","article-title":"HPTLC based screening method for the evaluation of \u03b1-amylase inhibitory activity in edible flowers","volume":"15","author":"Litewski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.54085\/ap.2024.13.1.7","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of Jasminum species: Exploring anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer properties","volume":"14","author":"Marappan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Phytomed."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saleem, U., Hira, S., Anwar, F., Shah, M.A., Bashir, S., Baty, R.S., Badr, R., Blundell, R., El-Saber Batiha, G., and Ahmad, B. (2021). Pharmacological screening of Viola odorata L. for memory-enhancing effect via modulation of oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.664832"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2013.08.040","article-title":"Assessing Jasminum grandiflorum L. authenticity by HPLC-DAD-ESI\/MSn and effects on physiological enzymes and oxidative species","volume":"88","author":"Ferreres","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.24191\/scl.v19i2.6906","article-title":"Antioxidant and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities of selected plants from Asteraceae family related to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A review","volume":"19","author":"Azman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4362","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.4103","article-title":"Valorization of various nut residues grown in T\u00fcrkiye: Antioxidant, anticholinesterase, antidiabetic, and cytotoxic activities","volume":"12","author":"Kutlu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, N., Ren, Y., and Xu, Y. (2025). From laboratory to clinic: Opportunities and challenges of functional food active ingredients in cancer therapy. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1627949"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-016-0217-2","article-title":"An overview on the role of dietary phenolics for the treatment of cancers","volume":"15","author":"Anantharaju","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bostanc\u0131, M., Erol, M., and Erol, K.F. (2026). Content and framing analysis of food supplement in the BBC news and evaluation from a nutrition science perspective. Front. Nutr., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1756606"}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/19\/3561\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T11:54:25Z","timestamp":1791460465000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/15\/19\/3561"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["foods15193561"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods15193561","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]}}}