{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T20:11:26Z","timestamp":1762459886149,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,29]],"date-time":"2020-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although patterns of glucose transporter expression and notes about diseases leading to adaptive changes in intestinal fructose transport have been well-characterized, the connection between infection and fructose transportation has been lightly investigated. Up to now only few studies on GLUT-5 expression and function under pathological conditions in bird intestines have been carried out. The aim of our current research was to immunolocalize GLUT-5 in chicken duodenal epithelium in norm and during T-2 mycotoxicosis. Material from chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) duodenum was collected from twelve seven-day-old female broilers, divided into control group and broilers with T-2 mycotoxicosis. The material was fixed with 10% formalin and thereafter embedded into paraffin; slices 7 \u03bcm in thickness were cut, followed by immunohistochemical staining, according to the manufacturers guidelines (IHC kit, Abcam, UK) using polyclonal primary antibody Rabbit anti-GLUT-5. Our study revealed the strong expression of GLUT-5 in the apical parts of the duodenal epithelial cells in the control group chickens and weak staining for GLUT-5 in the intestinal epithelium in the T-2 mycotoxicosis group. Our results confirmed decreased the expression of GLUT-5 in the duodenal epithelium during T-2 mycotoxicosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9070849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]],"date-time":"2020-06-30T09:36:04Z","timestamp":1593509764000},"page":"849","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Immunohistochemical Study of Glucose Transporter GLUT-5 in Duodenal Epithelium in Norm and in T-2 Mycotoxicosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5667-4985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piret","family":"Hussar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florina","family":"Popovska-Percinic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ss.Cyril &amp; Methodius University in Skopje, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0535-6025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katerina","family":"Blagoevska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Molecular Food Analyses and Genetically Modified Organism, Food Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T\u00f5nu","family":"J\u00e4rveots","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilm\u0101rs","family":"D\u016br\u012btis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvian University of Agriculture, LV 3004 Jelgava, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stevens, L. (1996). Avian Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511525773"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Welch, K.C., Allalou, A., Sehgal, P., Cheng, J., and Ashok, A. (2013). Glucose transporter expression in an avian nectarivore: The ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris). PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077003"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jmicro.a023443","article-title":"Glucose transporters in the transepithelial transport of glucose","volume":"45","author":"Takata","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Electron. Microsc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2008.05.007","article-title":"Glucose regulation in birds","volume":"151","author":"Braun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2002763","article-title":"Glucose transporters (GLUT and SGLT): Expanded families of sugar transport proteins","volume":"89","author":"Wood","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2012.07.001","article-title":"The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters","volume":"34","author":"Mueckler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Aspects Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3600265","article-title":"Dietary and developmental regulation of intestinal sugar transport","volume":"360","author":"Ferraris","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-011-0779-1","article-title":"Comparative expression of hexose transporters (SGLT1, GLUT1, GLUT2 and GLUT5) throughout the mouse gastrointestinal tract","volume":"135","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Histochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1994.tb18550.x","article-title":"Facilitative glucose transporters","volume":"219","author":"Mueckler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.315","article-title":"The protein family of glucose transport facilitators: It\u2019s not only about glucose after all","volume":"62","author":"Augustin","year":"2010","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.55.030193.003111","article-title":"Facilitated glucose transporters in epithelial cells","volume":"55","author":"Thorens","year":"1993","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3056","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.10.3056","article-title":"Apical GLUT2. A major pathway of intestinal sugar absorption","volume":"54","author":"Kellett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"659","article-title":"The role of fructose in type 2 diabetes and other metabolic diseases","volume":"8","author":"Ang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/86.8.1739","article-title":"Developmental regulation of nutrient transporter and enzyme mRNA abundance in the small intestine of broilers","volume":"86","author":"Gilbert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119053","article-title":"Molecular analysis of the fructose transporter gene (GLUT5) in isolated fructose malabsorption","volume":"98","author":"Wasserman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"923","article-title":"Expression of cytokines and monosaccharide transporters in the duodenal mucosa of patients with gastrointestinal symptoms in rural Thailand","volume":"36","author":"Lertanekawattana","year":"2005","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00293696","article-title":"Effects of Fusarenon-X and T-2 toxin on intestinal absorption of monosaccharide in rats","volume":"61","author":"Kumagai","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33904","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33904","article-title":"Exposure to HT-2 toxin causes oxidative stress induced apoptosis\/autophagy in porcine oocytes","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2478\/10004-1254-59-2008-1843","article-title":"T-2 toxin incidence and toxicity in poultry","volume":"59","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arh. Hig. Rada Toksikol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(13)60510-0","article-title":"T-2 toxin induces developmental toxicity and apoptosis in zebrafish embryos","volume":"26","author":"Yuan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"38","article-title":"Determination of T-2 Mycotoxin in Fusarium strains by HPLC with fluorescence detector","volume":"1","author":"Kachuei","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biotechnol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Carson, F.L. (1997). Histotechnology: A Self-Instructional Text, ASCP Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3329\/jbau.v10i1.12096","article-title":"Gross and histological studies of digestive tract of broilers during postnatal growth and development","volume":"10","author":"Nasrin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Bangladesh Agric. Univ."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"453","article-title":"A histochemical study of the stomach and intestine of the chicken","volume":"92","author":"Aitken","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calhoun, M.L. (1954). Microscopic Anatomy of the Digestive System of the Chicken, Iowa State Colleage Press.","DOI":"10.31274\/isudp.1954.84"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1556\/avet.2015.004","article-title":"Effect of ochratoxin A on the intestinal mucosa and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues in broiler chickens","volume":"63","author":"Solcan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Hugarica"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"45","article-title":"Evaluation of antimycotoxin effects of humate and hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate on broilers toxicated with aflatoxin. Alex","volume":"54","author":"Tawfeek","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i7.775","article-title":"Glucose transporter expression in the human colon","volume":"24","author":"Merigo","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1515\/macvetrev-2016-0089","article-title":"Comparative study of glucose transporters GLUT-2 and GLUT-5 in ostriches gastrointestinal tract","volume":"39","author":"Hussar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Maced. Vet. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"627","article-title":"Temporospatial study of hexose transporters and mucin in the epithelial cells of chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) small intestine","volume":"20","author":"Hussar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(97)00246-9","article-title":"Transcriptional andtranslational control over sodium-glucose-linked transporter(SGLT1) gene expression in adult rat small intestine","volume":"406","author":"Dong","year":"1997","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-0491(98)10159-1","article-title":"Developmental changes in theregional Na+\/glucose transporter mRNA along the smallintestine of suckling rats","volume":"122","author":"Kojima","year":"1998","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G71","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1994.267.1.G71","article-title":"Rapid reversible substrate regulation of fructose transporter expression in rat small intestine and kidney","volume":"267","author":"Burant","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14523","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)42067-4","article-title":"Fructose transporter in human spermatozoa and small intestine is GLUT5","volume":"267","author":"Burant","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E227","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.90245.2008","article-title":"Regulation of the fructose transporter GLUT5 in health and disease","volume":"295","author":"Douard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s000110300069","article-title":"Effect of lipopolysaccharide on d-fructose transport across rabbit jejunum","volume":"52","author":"Abad","year":"2003","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2003.09.005","article-title":"The effect of tumor necrosis factor-alpha on d-fructose intestinal transport in rabbits","volume":"25","author":"Navarro","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12029","article-title":"A review on mycotoxins in food and feed: Malaysia case study","volume":"12","author":"Jinap","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2012.06.012","article-title":"Human skin penetration of selected model mycotoxins","volume":"301","author":"Boonen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/301651a0","article-title":"Yellow rain\u2019 or natural toxins?","volume":"301","author":"Caldwell","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Adegoke, G.O., and Letuma, P. (2013). Strategies for the prevention and reduction of mycotoxins in developing countries, Mycotoxin and Food Safety in Developing Countries. Mycotoxin and Food Safety in Developing Countries, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.07.047","article-title":"Mycotoxins: Occurrence, toxicology, and exposure assessment","volume":"60","author":"Marin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007060108935","article-title":"Production of T-2 toxin by a Fusarium resembling Fusarium poae","volume":"147","author":"Torp","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.2478\/pjvs-2013-0046","article-title":"The effect of T-2 toxin on percentages of CD4+, CD8+, CD4+CD8+ and CD21+ lymphocytes, and mRNA expression levels of selected cytokines in porcine ileal Peyer\u2019s patches","volume":"16","author":"Obremski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-43-35","article-title":"The fungal T-2 toxin alters the activation of primary macrophages induced by TLR-agonists resulting in a decrease of the inflammatory response in the pig","volume":"43","author":"Seeboth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2005.12.027","article-title":"Glucose transporter expression in English sparrows (Passer domesticus)","volume":"144","author":"Sweazea","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part B Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, F., Zuo, Z., Chen, K., Gao, C., Yang, Z., Zhao, S., Li, J., Song, H., Peng, X., and Fang, J. (2018). Histopathological injuries, ultrastructural changes, and depressed TLR expression in the small intestine of broiler chickens with aflatoxin B1. Toxins, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10040131"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01062362","article-title":"Effects of T-2 mycotoxin on gastrointestinal tissues: A Review of in vivo and in vitro models","volume":"18","author":"Phletus","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(84)90136-3","article-title":"Effects of T-2 toxin on glucose and tryptophan uptake and intestinal mucosal enzymes","volume":"22","author":"Suneja","year":"1984","journal-title":"Toxicon"}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/9\/7\/849\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:44:27Z","timestamp":1760175867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/9\/7\/849"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,29]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["foods9070849"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods9070849","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2304-8158"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,29]]}}}