{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T15:49:04Z","timestamp":1785599344646,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Native to China, spine grapes (Vitis davidii Foex) are an important wild grape species. Here, the quality characteristics of one white and three red spine grape clones were evaluated via targeted metabolomic and transcription level analysis. Xiangzhenzhu (XZZ) had the highest soluble sugar and organic acid content. Malvidin-3-acetyl-glucoside and cyanidin-3-glucoside were the characteristic anthocyanins in spine grapes, and significant differences in anthocyanin composition between different clones were detected. Anthocyanins were not detected in Baiyu (BY) grapes. The transcript levels of VdGST, VdF3\u2032H, VdOMT, VdLDOX, and VdUFGT were significantly related to the anthocyanin biosynthesis and proportions. A total of 27 kinds of glycosidically bound volatiles (including alcohols, monoterpenes, esters, aldehydes, ketones, and phenolic acid) were identified in spine grapes, with Gaoshan #4 (G4) and BY grapes having the highest concentrations. The VdGT expression levels were closely related to glycosidically bound volatile concentrations. These results increase our understanding of the quality of wild spine grapes and further promote the development and use of wild grape resources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9101387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T09:04:12Z","timestamp":1601543052000},"page":"1387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Targeted Metabolomic and Transcript Level Analysis Reveals Quality Characteristic of Chinese Wild Grapes (Vitis davidii Foex)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5416-5738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan-lun","family":"Ju","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Enology, Northwest A &amp; F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-feng","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Enology, Northwest A &amp; F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue-ying","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Enology, Northwest A &amp; F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-lin","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Enology, Northwest A &amp; F University, Yangling 712100, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Yangling 712100, China"},{"name":"Heyang Viti-viniculture Station, Northwest A &amp; F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2012.09.013","article-title":"Phenolic characterization of young wines made from spine grape (Vitis davidii foex) grown in Chongyi county (China)","volume":"49","author":"Meng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Kong, Q.S. (2004). Chinese Ampelography, Chinese Press of Agricultural Science and Technology."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"97","article-title":"Climatic suitability for the distribution of V. heyneana and V. davidii in China","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6016","DOI":"10.1021\/jf3052658","article-title":"Phenolic profiles of Vitis davidii and Vitis quinquangularis species native to China","volume":"61","author":"Liang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"87","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of methanol extract and its fractions from spine grape (Vitis davidii Foex.) peel","volume":"38","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.04.005","article-title":"Varietal differences among the phenolic profiles and antioxidant properties of four cultivars of spine grape (Vitis davidii foex) in Chongyi county (China)","volume":"134","author":"Meng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2013.09.039","article-title":"Characteristic free aromatic components of nine clones of spine grape (Vitis davidii foex) from Zhongfang county (China)","volume":"54","author":"Meng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2020.109709","article-title":"First study on the fatty acids and their derived volatile profiles from six Chinese wild spine grape clones (Vitis davidii Foex)","volume":"275","author":"Ju","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.10.018","article-title":"Effect of regulated deficit irrigation on fatty acids and their derived volatiles in \u2018Cabernet Sauvignon\u2019 grapes and wines of Ningxia, China","volume":"245","author":"Ju","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.10.040","article-title":"Use of density sorting for the selection of aromatic grape berries with different volatile profile","volume":"276","author":"Pollon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109028","article-title":"Effect of cluster zone leaf removal on monoterpene profiles of Sauvignon Blanc grapes and wines","volume":"131","author":"Yue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2009.07.005","article-title":"Relationship among sensory descriptors, consumer preference and colour parameters of Italian Novello red wines","volume":"42","author":"Parpinello","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(19)62666-3","article-title":"Effects of the severity and timing of basal leaf removal on the amino acids profiles of Sauvignon Blanc grapes and wines","volume":"9","author":"Yue","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.01.153","article-title":"Free and glycosidically bound volatile compounds in sun-dried raisins made from different fragrance intensities grape varieties using a validated HS-SPME with GC-MS method","volume":"228","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.05.195","article-title":"Changes in glycosylation patterns of monoterpenes during grape berry maturation in six cultivars of Vitis vinifera","volume":"297","author":"Godshaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Wang, H., Li, Y., Li, J.M., Zhang, Y.L., and Wei, D.M. (2011). Wine Analysis, China Agricultural Press."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2018.11.013","article-title":"Anthocyanin accumulation and biosynthesis are modulated by regulated deficit irrigation in Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis Vinifera L.) grapes and wines","volume":"135","author":"Ju","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ju, Y., Liu, M., Zhao, H., Meng, J.-F., and Fang, Y. (2016). Effect of exogenous abscisic acid and methyl jasmonate on anthocyanin composition, fatty acids, and volatile compounds of Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) grape berries. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21101354"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4558","DOI":"10.1021\/jf5002777","article-title":"Comparison of extraction protocols to determine differences in wine-extractable tannin and anthocyanin in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes","volume":"62","author":"Bindon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2019.108931","article-title":"Influence of drying processes on anthocyanin profiles, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum)","volume":"120","author":"Varo","year":"2020","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.11.092","article-title":"Free and glycosidically bound aroma compounds in cherry (Prunus avium L.)","volume":"152","author":"Wen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2019.11.002","article-title":"VvNAC17, a novel stress-responsive grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) NAC transcription factor, increases sensitivity to abscisic acid and enhances salinity, freezing, and drought tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis","volume":"146","author":"Ju","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chong, J., Yamamoto, M., and Xia, J. (2019). MetaboAnalystR 2.0: From Raw Spectra to Biological Insights. Metabolites, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo9030057"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.126020","article-title":"Effect of regulated deficit irrigation on the content of soluble sugars, organic acids and endogenous hormones in Cabernet Sauvignon in the Ningxia region of China","volume":"312","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.126170","article-title":"Transcriptomics integrated with metabolomics reveals the effect of regulated deficit irrigation on anthocyanin biosynthesis in Cabernet Sauvignon grape berries","volume":"314","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339552","DOI":"10.1080\/16546628.2017.1339552","article-title":"Color, anthocyanin, and antioxidant characteristics of young wines produced from spine grapes (Vitis davidii Foex) in china","volume":"61","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2012.01.024","article-title":"Preliminary genetic analysis of sucrose accumulation in berries of table grapes","volume":"137","author":"Shiraishi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2740350509","article-title":"Changes in the glucose: Fructose ratio during the growth period of the razaki grape","volume":"35","author":"Soulis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3026","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00060a007","article-title":"Leong. Distribution and effect of grape maturity on organic acid content of Red Muscadine grapes","volume":"43","author":"Lamikanra","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-020-01724-4","article-title":"Rapid and simple method for determination of target organic acids in wine using hplc-dad analysis","volume":"13","author":"Petrueva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"898","article-title":"Intercelluar symplastic connection and isolation of the unloading zone in flesh of the developing grape berry","volume":"42","author":"Xia","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Bot. Sin."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deluc, L.G., Grimplet, J., Wheatley, M.D., Tillett, R.L., Quilici, D.R., Osborne, C., Schooley, D.A., Schlauch, K., Cushman, J.C., and Cramer, G.R. (2007). Transcriptomic and metabolite analyses of Cabernet Sauvignon grape berry development. BMC Genom., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-8-429"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.109.149138","article-title":"A sugar-inducible protein kinase, VvSK1, regulates hexose transport and sugar accumulation in grapevine cells","volume":"152","author":"Lecourieux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erm061","article-title":"Isolation, functional characterization, and expression analysis of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) hexose transporters: Differential roles in sink and source tissues","volume":"58","author":"Hayes","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.115.3.1155","article-title":"Treatment of grape berries, a nonclimacteric fruit with a synthetic auxin, retards ripening and alters the expression of developmentally regulated genes","volume":"115","author":"Davies","year":"1997","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4009","DOI":"10.1021\/jf990449f","article-title":"Anthocyanins, phenolics, and color of cabernet franc, merlot, and pinot noir wines from british columbia","volume":"47","author":"Mazza","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(01)00635-5","article-title":"Value of high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of anthocyanins in the differentiation of red grape cultivars and red wines made from them","volume":"915","author":"Revilla","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-5214(03)00140-6","article-title":"Vitis vinifera L. cv. Graciano grapes characterized by its anthocyanin profile","volume":"31","author":"Monagas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Postharvest Biol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1095011","article-title":"Retrotransposon-induced mutations in grape skin color","volume":"304","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.09.084","article-title":"Effect of methyl jasmonate on the aroma of Sangiovese grapes and wines","volume":"242","author":"Matarese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.03.142","article-title":"Characterisation of free and bound volatile compounds from six different varieties of citrus fruits","volume":"185","author":"Ren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6656","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.200800548","article-title":"Discovery of new biocatalysts for the glycosylation of terpenoid scaffolds","volume":"14","author":"Caputi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. A Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.01226","article-title":"Monoterpenyl glycosyltransferases differentially contribute to production of monoterpenyl glycosides in two aromatic Vitis vinifera varieties","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.05.127","article-title":"Effects of sunlight exclusion on the profiles of monoterpene biosynthesis and accumulation in grape exocarp and mesocarp","volume":"237","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, Y.Q., Zhong, G.Y., Gao, Y., Lan, Y.B., Duan, C.Q., and Pan, Q.H. (2015). Using the combined analysis of transcripts and metabolites to propose key genes for differential terpene accumulation across two regions. BMC Plant Biol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-015-0631-1"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castellarin, S.D., Di Gaspero, G., Marconi, R., Nonis, A., Peterlunger, E., Paillard, S., Adam-Blondon, A.-F., and Testolin, R. (2006). Colour variation in red grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.): Genomic organisation, expression of flavonoid 3\u2032-hydroxylase, flavonoid 3\u2032,5\u2032-hydroxylase genes and related metabolite profiling of red cyanidin-\/blue delphinidin-based anthocyanins in berry skin. BMC Genom., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-7-12"}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/9\/10\/1387\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:15:34Z","timestamp":1760177734000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/9\/10\/1387"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["foods9101387"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods9101387","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]}}}