{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:51:08Z","timestamp":1792788668562,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent decades, worldwide fish consumption has increased notably worldwide. Despite the health benefits of fish consumption, it also can suppose a risk because of fishborne diseases, including parasitic infections. Global changes are leading to the emergence of parasites in new locations and to the appearance of new sources of transmission. That is the case of the zoonotic protozoa Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Toxoplasma gondii; all of them reach aquatic environments and have been found in shellfish. Similarly, these protozoa can be present in other aquatic animals, such as fish. The present review gives an overview on these three zoonotic protozoa in order to understand their potential presence in fish and to comprehensively revise all the evidences of fish as a new potential source of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Toxoplasma gondii transmission. All of them have been found in both marine and freshwater fishes. Until now, it has not been possible to demonstrate that fish are natural hosts for these protozoa; otherwise, they would merely act as mechanical transporters. Nevertheless, even if fish only accumulate and transport these protozoa, they could be a \u201cnew\u201d source of infection for people.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9121913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T09:41:41Z","timestamp":1608543701000},"page":"1913","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Potential Risk of Three Zoonotic Protozoa (Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Toxoplasma gondii) Transmission from Fish Consumption"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4091-4205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha","family":"Moratal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de An\u00e1lisis, Investigaci\u00f3n y Gesti\u00f3n de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Tirant lo Blanc St 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Auxiliadora","family":"Dea-Ayuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Farmacy Department, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal St, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Cardells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de An\u00e1lisis, Investigaci\u00f3n y Gesti\u00f3n de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Tirant lo Blanc St 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Wildlife Ecology &amp; Health Group (WE&amp;H), Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), Travessera dels Turons, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naima M.","family":"Marco-Hirs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de An\u00e1lisis, Investigaci\u00f3n y Gesti\u00f3n de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Tirant lo Blanc St 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Puigcerc\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de An\u00e1lisis, Investigaci\u00f3n y Gesti\u00f3n de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Tirant lo Blanc St 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2490-6336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Lizana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de An\u00e1lisis, Investigaci\u00f3n y Gesti\u00f3n de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Tirant lo Blanc St 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Wildlife Ecology &amp; Health Group (WE&amp;H), Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), Travessera dels Turons, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9506-4311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordi","family":"L\u00f3pez-Ramon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de An\u00e1lisis, Investigaci\u00f3n y Gesti\u00f3n de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Veterinary Faculty, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, Tirant lo Blanc St 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2020, September 10). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/ca9229en\/online\/ca9229en.html."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.07.011","article-title":"Changing dietary habits in a changing world: Emerging drivers for the transmission of foodborne parasitic zoonoses","volume":"182","author":"Broglia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.02.033","article-title":"Fish consumption and multiple health outcomes: Umbrella review","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2005.07.013","article-title":"Fish-borne parasitic zoonoses: Status and issues","volume":"35","author":"Chai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shamsi, S. (2019). Seafood-borne parasitic diseases: A \u201cone-health\u201d approach is needed. Fishes, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes4010009"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.03.011","article-title":"Parasite detection in food: Current status and future needs for validation","volume":"99","author":"Chalmers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.afnr.2018.04.003","article-title":"Parasites in Food: From a Neglected Position to an Emerging Issue","volume":"86","author":"Robertson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.08.008","article-title":"Zoonotic protozoa: From land to sea","volume":"20","author":"Fayer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182014001085","article-title":"Cryptosporidium species in humans and animals: Current understanding and research needs","volume":"141","author":"Ryan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.07.005","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis and Cryptosporidium species in animals and humans: A thirty colour rainbow?","volume":"43","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.10.023","article-title":"Genomics and molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium species","volume":"184","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2015.09.028","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections","volume":"40","author":"Thompson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"WHO (World Health Organization) (2020, September 24). Risk Assessment of Cryptosporidium in Drinking Water. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/70117\/WHO_HSE_WSH_09.04_eng.pdf;jsessionid=59F99D9425B45F7CC05CE88FCC1A9F58?sequence=1."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mac Kenzie, W.R., Hoxie, N.J., Proctor, M.E., Gradus, M.S., Blair, K., Peterson, D.E., Kazmierczak, J.J., Addiss, D.G., Fox, K.R., and Rose, J.B. (1994). A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. N. Engl. J. Med., 161\u2013167.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199407213310304"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.01.036","article-title":"Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: Review of worldwide outbreaks\u2014An update 2011\u20132016","volume":"114","author":"Efstratiou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14:1","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2018009","article-title":"Assessing viability and infectivity of foodborne and waterborne stages (cysts\/oocysts) of Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Toxoplasma gondii: A review of methods","volume":"25","author":"Rousseau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"FAO\/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization) (2020, October 14). Multicriteria-Based Ranking for Risk Management of Food-Borne Parasites. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/112672\/9789241564700_eng.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2017.09.004","article-title":"Foodborne cryptosporidiosis","volume":"48","author":"Ryan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2003.07.003","article-title":"Detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in molluscan shellfish by multiplexed nested-PCR","volume":"91","author":"Amar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.06.031","article-title":"Cryptosporidium and Giardia in commercial and non-commercial oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and water from the Oosterschelde, the Netherlands","volume":"113","author":"Schets","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.11.022","article-title":"Cryptosporidium parvum genotype IIa and Giardia duodenalis assemblage A in Mytilus galloprovincialis on sale at local food markets","volume":"171","author":"Giangaspero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2016.01.004","article-title":"Mussels (Perna perna) as bioindicator of environmental contamination by Cryptosporidium species with zoonotic potential","volume":"5","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol Parasites Wildl"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2016.08.003","article-title":"Effects of rain events on Cryptosporidium spp. levels in commercial shellfish zones in the Hillsborough River, Prince Edward Island, Canada","volume":"5","author":"Aguirre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Waterborne Parasitol"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.01.057","article-title":"First report of Tunisian coastal water contamination by protozoan parasites using mollusk bivalves as biological indicators","volume":"117","author":"Ghozzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar Pollut Bull"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marquis, N.D., Bishop, T.J., Record, N.R., Countway, P.D., and Fern\u00e1ndez Robledo, J.A. (2019). Molecular epizootiology of toxoplasma gondii and cryptosporidium parvum in the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) from maine (USA). Pathogens, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8030125"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-18-157","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii and other zoonotic protozoans in mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and blue mussel (mytilus edulis): A food safety concern?","volume":"82","author":"Tedde","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12693","article-title":"Cryptosporidium and Giardia in locally harvested clams in Iqaluit, Nunavut","volume":"67","author":"Manore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107848:1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2020.107848","article-title":"Investigations from Northern Greece on mussels cultivated in areas proximal to wastewaters discharges, as a potential source for human infection with Giardia and Cryptosporidium","volume":"210","author":"Ligda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(02)00058-9","article-title":"Cryptosporidium molnari n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) infecting two marine fish species, Sparus aurata L. and Dicentrarchus labrax L","volume":"32","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7646","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01335-10","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium molnari reveals a distinct piscine clade","volume":"76","author":"Palenzuela","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3354\/dao062133","article-title":"Cryptosporidium scophthalmi n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) from cultured turbot Scophthalmus maximus. Light and electron microscope description and histopathological study","volume":"62","author":"Quiroga","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Organ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2015.01.009","article-title":"Cryptosporidium huwi n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the guppy (Poecilia reticulata)","volume":"150","author":"Ryan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107956:1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2020.107956","article-title":"Cryptosporidium bollandi n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiiae) from angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) and Oscar fish (Astronotus ocellatus)","volume":"217","author":"Bolland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3761","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.6.3761-3765.2004","article-title":"Molecular and biological characterization of a Cryptosporidium molnari-like isolate from a guppy (Poecilia reticulata)","volume":"70","author":"Ryan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870902100523","article-title":"Gastric cryptosporidiosis in freshwater angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare)","volume":"21","author":"Murphy","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagnostic Investig."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.11.015","article-title":"Identification of novel and zoonotic Cryptosporidium species in marine fish","volume":"168","author":"Reid","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.08.006","article-title":"Identification of novel Cryptosporidium species in aquarium fish","volume":"174","author":"Zanguee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.06.036","article-title":"Additional novel Cryptosporidium genotypes in ornamental fishes","volume":"190","author":"Morine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.08.031","article-title":"Identification of novel and zoonotic Cryptosporidium species in fish from Papua New Guinea","volume":"198","author":"Koinari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.10.013","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium in fish at the 18S and actin loci and high levels of mixed infections","volume":"214","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.06.027","article-title":"Molecular characterisation of a disseminated Cryptosporidium infection in a Koi carp (Cyprinus carpio)","volume":"226","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182017001214","article-title":"Cryptosporidium in fish: Alternative sequencing approaches and analyses at multiple loci to resolve mixed infections","volume":"144","author":"Paparini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2987","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-5995-3","article-title":"Identification of a novel piscine Cryptosporidium genotype and Cryptosporidium parvum in cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","volume":"117","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037:1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01037","article-title":"Prevalence, molecular identification, and risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection in edible marine fish: A survey across sea areas surrounding France","volume":"10","author":"Certad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00133047:1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133047","article-title":"Identification of cryptosporidium species in fish from Lake Geneva (Lac L\u00e9man) in France","volume":"10","author":"Certad","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"48","article-title":"Identification of zoonotic Cryptosporidium parvum in fresh water ornamental fish: First report","volume":"3","author":"Shahbazi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Rep. JZD"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1645\/18-83","article-title":"First Report of Cryptosporidium molnari-Like Genotype and Cryptosporidium parvum Zoonotic Subtypes (IIaA15G2R1 and IIaA18G3R1) in Brown Trout (Salmo trutta)","volume":"105","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.1.131-139.2005","article-title":"Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium molnari in Spanish gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) and European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) cultures: From hatchery to market size","volume":"71","author":"Aguilera","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2011.01.021","article-title":"Gastric cryptosporidiosis in farmed Australian Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii peelii","volume":"314","author":"Baragahare","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.07.024","article-title":"Host and environmental risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium scophthalmi (Apicomplexa) infection in cultured turbot, Psetta maxima (L.) (Pisces, Teleostei)","volume":"165","author":"Perez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"20","article-title":"Criptosporidiosis experimental en la escala de vertebrados: I infecciones experimentales, II estudio histopatol\u00f3gico","volume":"19","author":"Arcay","year":"1995","journal-title":"Parasitol d\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.2307\/3283886","article-title":"Cryptosporidium parvum is not transmissible to fish, amphibians, or reptiles","volume":"82","author":"Graczyk","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.2307\/3284624","article-title":"Cryptosporidium parvum: An attempt at experimental infection in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss","volume":"84","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.03.018","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis: An update","volume":"124","author":"Xiao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.05.004","article-title":"The molecular characterization of an Eimeria and Cryptosporidium detected in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) cultured in Vietnam","volume":"181","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.6.2665-2668.2001","article-title":"Species-Specific, Nested PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Detection of Single Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts","volume":"67","author":"Sturbaum","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390701384791","article-title":"A probabilistic risk assessment of cryptosporidium exposure among baltimore urban anglers","volume":"70","author":"Roberts","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Heal. Part A Curr. Issues"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2016.07.019","article-title":"An up-date on Giardia and giardiasis","volume":"34","author":"Einarsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2018.07.003","article-title":"Giardia: An under-reported foodborne parasite","volume":"49","author":"Ryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.06.001","article-title":"Zoonotic potential of Giardia","volume":"43","author":"Ryan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.12.001","article-title":"Host specificity in the Giardia duodenalis species complex","volume":"66","author":"Lalle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00033-10","article-title":"Zoonotic potential and molecular epidemiology of Giardia species and giardiasis","volume":"24","author":"Yaoyu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2008.11.006","article-title":"Variation in Giardia: Towards a taxonomic revision of the genus","volume":"25","author":"Monis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25:1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-25","article-title":"Prevalence and genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium, Enterocytozoon, Giardia and Cyclospora in diarrheal outpatients in china","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"796","article-title":"Dog\u2019s genotype of Giardia duodenalis in human: First evidence in Europe","volume":"60","author":"Hinney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3449","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-013-3524-y","article-title":"Molecular typing of Giardia duodenalis isolates from German travellers","volume":"112","author":"Broglia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1113-2","article-title":"Identification of genotypes of Giardia intestinalis of human isolates in Egypt","volume":"103","author":"Foronda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321:1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-321","article-title":"Epidemiology of Giardia duodenalis infection in ruminant livestock and children in the Ismailia province of Egypt: Insights by genetic characterization","volume":"7","author":"Helmy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-5081-7","article-title":"The zoonotic potential of Giardia intestinalis assemblage E in rural settings","volume":"115","author":"Saeed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trw036","article-title":"Multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in Brazilian children","volume":"110","author":"Scalia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trans. R Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182017000439","article-title":"Molecular typing of giardia duodenalis in humans in Queensland\u2014first report of assemblage e","volume":"114","author":"Zahedi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw361","article-title":"Identification of Giardia lamblia Assemblage E in Humans Points to a New Anthropozoonotic Cycle","volume":"214","author":"Fantinatti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2007.04.003","article-title":"Molecular characterization of human isolates of Giardia duodenalis from Ethiopia","volume":"102","author":"Gelanew","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2790","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268815003040","article-title":"Giardiasis outbreaks in the United States, 1971-2011","volume":"144","author":"Adam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-11-107","article-title":"Foodborne illness associated with Cryptosporidium and Giardia from livestock","volume":"74","author":"Greenwood","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.61.526","article-title":"Giardia duodenalis cysts of genotype a recovered from clams in the Chesapeake Bay subestuary, Rhode River","volume":"61","author":"Graczyk","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.043","article-title":"Giardia in shellfish-farming areas: Detection in mussels, river water and waste waters","volume":"133","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-68.8.1702","article-title":"Occurrence of Giardia cysts in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) destined for human consumption","volume":"68","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1143-9","article-title":"Biomonitoring of surface and coastal water for Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and human-virulent microsporidia using molluscan shellfish","volume":"103","author":"Lucy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2008.07.003","article-title":"Giardia and Cryptosporidium in inflowing water and harvested shellfish in a Lagoon in Southern Italy","volume":"58","author":"Giangaspero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1139\/W10-078","article-title":"Microbiological quality of blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) in Nunavik, Quebec: A pilot study","volume":"56","author":"Barthe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2011.09.018","article-title":"Evaluation of tropical water sources and mollusks in southern Brazil using microbiological, biochemical, and chemical parameters","volume":"76","author":"Souza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-12-326","article-title":"Determination of the recovery efficiency of cryptosporidium oocysts and giardia cysts from seeded bivalve mollusks","volume":"76","author":"Schets","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7732","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02922-14","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in mussels (Mytilus californianus) and California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) from central California","volume":"80","author":"Adell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-5832-8","article-title":"First report of Toxoplasma gondii sporulated oocysts and Giardia duodenalis in commercial green-lipped mussels (Perna canaliculus) in New Zealand","volume":"117","author":"Coupe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3354\/dao01931","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Giardia intestinalis haplotypes in marine animals: Variation and zoonotic potential","volume":"81","author":"Bogomolni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dis. Aquat. Organ."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.12.001","article-title":"Identification of zoonotic Giardia genotypes in fish","volume":"40","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2748-y","article-title":"Fish as a possible reservoir for zoonotic Giardia duodenalis assemblages","volume":"110","author":"Ghoneim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.2.446-452.2002","article-title":"Sensitive PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay for detection and genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in human feces","volume":"40","author":"Amar","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-014-0573-9","article-title":"Histopathological study on parasites in freshwater ornamental fishes in Iran","volume":"40","author":"Nematollahi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686-012-0001-1","article-title":"Preliminary experiments on use of zebrafish as a laboratory model for Giardia duodenalis infection","volume":"57","author":"Tysnes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2010.08.001","article-title":"Infectivity of Giardia duodenalis Assemblages A and E for the gerbil and axenisation of duodenal trophozoites","volume":"59","author":"Geurden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16412-X","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis","volume":"363","author":"Montoya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-019-01405-7","article-title":"The One Health Approach to Toxoplasmosis: Epidemiology, Control, and Prevention Strategies","volume":"16","author":"Aguirre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0052:1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2019.e00052","article-title":"Diversity of Toxoplasma gondii strains at the global level and its determinants","volume":"15","author":"Galal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Waterborne Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00124-7","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: From animals to humans","volume":"30","author":"Tenter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-14-328","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for toxoplasma gondii infection in meat animals and meat products destined for human consumption","volume":"78","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12630","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii in edible fishes captured in the Mediterranean basin","volume":"66","author":"Marino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652012000500001","article-title":"Case-control study of an outbreak of acute toxoplasmosis in an industrial plant in the state of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"54","author":"Ekman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"143","article-title":"Surto de toxoplasmose aguda no Munic\u00edpio de Ponta de Pedras, Arquip\u00e9lago do Maraj\u00f3, Estado do Par\u00e1, Brasil: Caracter\u00edsticas cl\u00ednicas, laboratoriais e epidemiol\u00f3gicas","volume":"7","author":"Morais","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Pan-Ama. Sa\u00fade"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00049:1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2019.e00049","article-title":"Environmental transmission of Toxoplasma gondii: Oocysts in water, soil and food","volume":"15","author":"Shapiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Waterborne Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198209093071107","article-title":"Oocyst-Transmitted Toxoplasmosis Associated with Ingestion of Contaminated Water","volume":"307","author":"Benenson","year":"1982","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)11105-3","article-title":"Outbrak of toxoplasmosis associated with municipal drinking water","volume":"350","author":"Bowie","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0901.020160","article-title":"Highly endemic, waterborne toxoplasmosis in North Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil","volume":"9","author":"Jones","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1001\/journalofethics.2017.19.10.imhl1-1710","article-title":"Waterborne","volume":"19","author":"Reynolds","year":"2017","journal-title":"AMA J ethics"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/IEB.0b013e3181f3eff2","article-title":"Outbreak of acquired ocular toxoplasmosis involving 248 patients","volume":"11","author":"Forooghian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Evid. Based Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubey, J.P., Murata, F.H.A., Cerqueira-C\u00e9zar, C.K., Kwok, O.C.H., and Grigg, M.E. (2020). Recent epidemiologic and clinical importance of Toxoplasma gondii infections in marine mammals: 2009-2020. Vet. Parasitol., 109296.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109296"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29252:1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29252","article-title":"Coastal development and precipitation drive pathogen flow from land to sea: Evidence from a Toxoplasma gondii and felid host system","volume":"6","author":"VanWormer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(03)00181-4","article-title":"Molecular and bioassay-based detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocyst uptake by mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis)","volume":"33","author":"Arkush","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00517.x","article-title":"Removal of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts from sea water by eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica)","volume":"48","author":"Lindsay","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Eukaryot Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-296R","article-title":"Survival of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica)","volume":"90","author":"Lindsay","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.02.005","article-title":"Type X Toxoplasma gondii in a wild mussel and terrestrial carnivores from coastal California: New linkages between terrestrial mammals, runoff and toxoplasmosis of sea otters","volume":"38","author":"Miller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.01.036","article-title":"Analysis of marine bivalve shellfish from the fish market in Santos city, S\u00e3o Paulo state, Brazil, for Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"170","author":"Esmerini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2010.09.007","article-title":"Investigation of Toxoplasma gondii presence in farmed shellfish by nested-PCR and real-time PCR fluorescent amplicon generation assay (FLAG)","volume":"127","author":"Putignani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2014.05.012","article-title":"Detection of Toxoplasma gondii and Cyclospora cayetanensis in Mytilus galloprovincialis from Izmir Province coast (Turkey) by Real Time PCR\/High-Resolution Melting analysis (HRM)","volume":"44","author":"Aksoy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.10.022","article-title":"Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in shellfish and fish in parts of China","volume":"200","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4177","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12685","article-title":"Surveillance for Toxoplasma gondii in California mussels (Mytilus californianus) reveals transmission of atypical genotypes from land to sea","volume":"17","author":"Shapiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4655","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4711-9","article-title":"The development and implementation of a method using blue mussels (Mytilus spp.) as biosentinels of Cryptosporidium spp. and Toxoplasma gondii contamination in marine aquatic environments","volume":"114","author":"Staggs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.07.014","article-title":"First detection and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in market-sold oysters in China","volume":"54","author":"Cong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355:1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00355","article-title":"Parasite load and strs genotyping of toxoplasma gondii isolates from mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) in southern italy","volume":"11","author":"Santoro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003720:1","DOI":"10.1590\/s1984-29612020050","article-title":"First report of detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in oysters (Crassostrea sp.) in the state of maranh\u00e3o","volume":"29","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.01.002","article-title":"Uptake and transmission of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts by migratory, filter-feeding fish","volume":"169","author":"Massie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3503RN.1","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii Does Not Persist in Goldfish (Carassius auratus)","volume":"91","author":"Omata","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.27.8.1787-1792.1989","article-title":"Direct and sensitive detection of a pathogenic protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii, by polymerase chain reaction","volume":"27","author":"Burg","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-009-0849-0","article-title":"Detection of toxoplasma antibodies in sera of Salmonidae by ELISA","volume":"19","author":"Taghadosi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comp. Clin. Path."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12393","article-title":"The zebrafish, Danio rerio, as a model for Toxoplasma gondii: An initial description of infection in fish","volume":"38","author":"Sanders","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Fish. Dis."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107966:1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2020.107966","article-title":"Temperature is a key factor influencing the invasion and proliferation of Toxoplasma gondii in fish cells","volume":"217","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dmm043091:1","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.043091","article-title":"The zebrafish as a novel model for the in vivo study of Toxoplasma gondii replication and interaction with macrophages","volume":"13","author":"Yoshida","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dis. Model Mech."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050248","article-title":"Comparison of the internal transcribed spacer, ITS 1, from Toxoplasma gondii isolates and Neospora caninum","volume":"83","author":"Homan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"7","article-title":"Molecular Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in Native Freshwater Fish Cyprinus carpio in Wasit Province Iraq","volume":"4","author":"Aakool","year":"2016","journal-title":"IJSER"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4121","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.11.4121-4125.2000","article-title":"Real-time PCR for quantitative detection of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638716682808","article-title":"Development and validation of a real-time PCR assay for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in animal and meat samples","volume":"29","author":"Marino","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagnostic Investig."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/9\/12\/1913\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:48:01Z","timestamp":1760179681000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/9\/12\/1913"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]]},"references-count":132,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["foods9121913"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods9121913","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]]}}}