{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:43:32Z","timestamp":1787028212847,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union-NextGenerationEU"},{"name":"MUR-Fondo Promozione e Sviluppo-DM737\/2021"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the ability of photodynamic therapy, based on the use of a gel containing 5% delta aminolaevulinic acid (ALAD) for 45\u2032 followed by irradiation with 630 nm LED (PDT) for 7\u2032, to eradicate Candida albicans strains without damaging the gingiva. C. albicans oral strains and gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) were used to achieve these goals. The potential antifungal effects on a clinical resistant C. albicans S5 strain were evaluated in terms of biofilm biomass, colony forming units (CFU\/mL) count, cell viability by live\/dead analysis, and fluidity membrane changes. Concerning the hGFs, viability assays, morphological analysis (optical, scanning electronic (SEM), and confocal laser scanning (CLSM) microscopes), and assays for reactive oxygen species (ROS) and collagen production were performed. ALAD-mediated aPDT (ALAD-aPDT) treatment showed significant anti-biofilm activity against C. albicans S5, as confirmed by a reduction in both the biofilm biomass and CFUs\/mL. The cell viability was strongly affected by the treatment, while on the contrary, the fluidity of the membrane remained unchanged. The results for the hGFs showed an absence of cytotoxicity and no morphological differences in cells subjected to ALAD-aPDT expected for CLSM results that exhibited an increase in the thickening of actin filaments. ROS production was augmented only at 0 h and 3 h, while the collagen appeared enhanced 7 days after the treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels10020110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T12:25:01Z","timestamp":1706531101000},"page":"110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["What Is the Impact of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy on Oral Candidiasis? An In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2414-7130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emira","family":"D\u2019Amico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. d\u2019Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9281-5028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Di Lodovico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University G. d\u2019Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5886-2186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tania Vanessa","family":"Pierfelice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. d\u2019Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Tripodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. d\u2019Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriano","family":"Piattelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences, 00131 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Iezzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. d\u2019Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3849-4304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morena","family":"Petrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. d\u2019Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4797-4019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simonetta","family":"D\u2019Ercole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University G. d\u2019Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00649-x","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance in the Environment","volume":"20","author":"Larsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. 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