{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T01:37:42Z","timestamp":1786498662321,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this particular study, a hydrogel known as SAP-1 was synthesized through the grafting of acrylic acid-co-acrylamide onto pullulan, resulting in the creation of Pul-g-Poly (acrylic acid-co-acrylamide). Additionally, a sponge hydrogel named SAP-2 was prepared by incorporating the surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) into the hydrogel through free radical solution polymerization. To gain further insight into the composition and properties of the hydrogels, various techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), atomic absorption spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), were employed. Conversely, the absorption kinetics and the equilibrium capacities of the prepared hydrogels were investigated and analyzed. The outcomes of the investigation indicated that each of the synthesized hydrogels exhibited considerable efficacy as adsorbents for cadmium (II), copper (II), and nickel (II) ions. In particular, SAP-2 gel displayed a remarkable cadmium (II) ion absorption ability, with a rate of 190.72 mg\/g. Following closely, SAP-1 gel demonstrated the ability to absorb cadmium (II) ions at a rate of 146.9 mg\/g and copper (II) ions at a rate of 154 mg\/g. Notably, SAP-2 hydrogel demonstrated the ability to repeat the adsorption\u2013desorption cycles three times for cadmium (II) ions, resulting in absorption capacities of 190.72 mg\/g, 100.43 mg\/g, and 19.64 mg\/g for the first, second, and third cycles, respectively. Thus, based on the abovementioned results, it can be concluded that all the synthesized hydrogels possess promising potential as suitable candidates for the adsorption and desorption of cadmium (II), copper (II), and nickel (II) ions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels10040251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T09:31:23Z","timestamp":1712568683000},"page":"251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Hydrogel Adsorption\/Desorption with and without Surfactants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Salam Abdulla","family":"Dhahir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Polymer and Petrochemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering Materials, University of Babylon, Babylon 51002, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Auda Jabbar","family":"Braihi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polymer and Petrochemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering Materials, University of Babylon, Babylon 51002, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4687-1744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salih Abbas","family":"Habeeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polymer and Petrochemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering Materials, University of Babylon, Babylon 51002, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2019.103295","article-title":"Advances in the preparation of hydrogel for wastewater treatment: A concise review","volume":"7","author":"Sinha","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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