{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T03:13:42Z","timestamp":1792984422760,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,18]],"date-time":"2024-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 52274029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 52274029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low-viscosity slickwater fracturing fluids are a crucial technology for the commercial development of shallow shale gas. However, in deep shale gas formations with high pressure, a higher sand concentration is required to support fractures. Linear gel fracturing fluids and crosslinked gel fracturing fluids have a strong sand-carrying capacity, but the drag reduction effect is poor, and it needs to be pre-prepared to decrease the fracturing cost. Slick water fracturing fluids have a strong drag reduction effect and low cost, but their sand-carrying capacity is poor and the fracturing fluid sand ratio is low. The research and development of viscous slick water fracturing fluids solves this problem. It can be switched on-line between a low-viscosity slick water fracturing fluid and high-viscosity weak gel fracturing fluid, which significantly reduces the cost of single-well fracturing. A polyacrylamide drag reducer is the core additive of slick water fracturing fluids. By adjusting its concentration, the control of the on-line viscosity of fracturing fluid can be realized, that is, \u2018low viscosity for drag reduction, high viscosity for sand-carrying\u2019. Therefore, this article introduces the research and application status of a linear gel fracturing fluid, crosslinked gel fracturing fluid, and slick water fracturing fluid for deep shale gas reservoirs, and focuses on the research status of a viscous slick water fracturing fluid and viscosity-controllable polyacrylamide drag reducer, with the aim of providing valuable insights for the research on water-based fracturing fluids in the stimulation of deep shale gas reservoirs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels10050345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T06:31:58Z","timestamp":1716186718000},"page":"345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["A Review of Weak Gel Fracturing Fluids for Deep Shale Gas Reservoirs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Shichu","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China"},{"name":"Hubei Engineering Research Centers for Clean Production and Pollution Control of Oil and Gas Fields, Jingzhou 434023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weichu","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China"},{"name":"Hubei Engineering Research Centers for Clean Production and Pollution Control of Oil and Gas Fields, Jingzhou 434023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9671-8206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingwei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry & Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China"},{"name":"Hubei Engineering Research Centers for Clean Production and Pollution Control of Oil and Gas Fields, Jingzhou 434023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"110","article-title":"Distribution characteristics, exploration and development, geological theories research progress and exploration directions of shale gas in China","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"China Geol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgsce.2023.204967","article-title":"Pore network characterization of shale reservoirs through state-of-the-art X-ray computed tomography: A review","volume":"113","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gas Sci. 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