{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T01:49:49Z","timestamp":1791510589687,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To realize the effective profile control of a heavy oil reservoir, hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) and water-soluble phenol-formaldehyde resin (PR) were chosen to prepare the profile control system, which gelled at medium or low temperatures and existed stably at high temperatures in the meantime. The effects of phenolic ratios, PR concentration, and HPAM concentration on the formation and strength of the gels were systematically studied by the gel-strength code method and rheological measurements. And the microstructure of the gels was investigated by scanning electron microscope measurements. The results showed that the gelling time of the HPAM-PR system was 13 h at 70 \u00b0C. The formed gel could stay stable for 90 days at 140 \u00b0C. In addition, the gels showed viscoelastic properties, and the viscosity reached 18,000 mPa\u00b7s under a 1.5 s\u22121 shearing rate due to their three-dimensional cellular network structure. The formation of the gels was attributable to the hydroxyl groups of the PR crosslinking agent, which could undergo the dehydration condensation reaction with amide groups under non-acidic conditions and form intermolecular crosslinking with HPAM molecules. And the organic crosslinker gel system could maintain stability at higher temperatures because covalent bonds formed between molecules.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels10060413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T03:44:49Z","timestamp":1718941489000},"page":"413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["High-Temperature-Resistant Profile Control System Formed by Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide and Water-Soluble Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Xuanran","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanglin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (BeiJing), Beijing 102249, China"},{"name":"Unconventional Petroleum Research Institute, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shujun","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anzhu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jincai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fujian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (BeiJing), Beijing 102249, China"},{"name":"Unconventional Petroleum Research Institute, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minghui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (BeiJing), Beijing 102249, China"},{"name":"Unconventional Petroleum Research Institute, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1007\/s13202-023-01675-6","article-title":"Experimental and modeling analysis on the performance of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole corrosion inhibitor in hydrochloric acid solution during acidizing in the petroleum industry","volume":"13","author":"Khormali","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pet. Explor. Prod. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.06.076","article-title":"Investigation on matching relationship between dispersed particle gel (DPG) and reservoir pore-throats for in-depth profile control","volume":"207","author":"Dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"90","article-title":"Research and Performance Evaluation of Inorganic Precipitation Profile Control System Injected in Single Slug","volume":"36","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oilfield Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2019.03.025","article-title":"Experimental study of calcium-enhancing terpolymer hydrogel for improved oil recovery in ultradeep carbonate reservoir","volume":"570","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42261","DOI":"10.1002\/app.42261","article-title":"High-temperature-resistant polymer gel system with metal\u2013organic mixed cross-linking agents","volume":"132","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"13163","article-title":"Experimental study on deep prolile control and oil displacement mechanism of high water cut reservoir","volume":"20","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1295\/polymj.33.330","article-title":"Slow Gelation of Titanium (IV) with Partially Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide. Crosslinking Reaction and Gel Properties","volume":"33","author":"Cai","year":"2001","journal-title":"Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"108","article-title":"Development Application of FP-fly Ash Profile Control Agent","volume":"26","author":"Xu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Jiang Han Pet. Inst."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Fox, K.B., and Evans, A.J. (1996). Acceleration of Gelation of Water Soluble Polymers. (No. 5,447,986), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"151","article-title":"Research and Application of Adaptive Multifunctional Conditioning Technology for Tight Oil Reservoirs in Ku Dong Oilfield","volume":"18","author":"Luo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inn. Mong. Petrochem. Ind."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"114","article-title":"Research progress of high temperature resistant and high salinitytolerant gel profile control technology","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Chem. Ind."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.2118\/10948-PA","article-title":"Rheological Monitoring of the Formation of Polyacrylamide\/Cr+3 Gels","volume":"5","author":"Prud","year":"1983","journal-title":"Soc. Pet. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.2118\/19308-PA","article-title":"A Newly developed Chromium (III) Gel Technology","volume":"5","author":"Sydansk","year":"1990","journal-title":"SPE Reserv. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.2118\/20998-PA","article-title":"Chemical Properties of Chromium\/Polyacrylamide Gels","volume":"2","author":"Lockhart","year":"1994","journal-title":"SPE Adv. Technol. Ser."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sydansk, R.D., and Southwell, G.P. (2000). More Than 12 Years of Experience with a Successful Conformance-Control Polymer Gel Technology: SPE\/AAPG Western Regional Meeting, Society of Petroleum Engineers.","DOI":"10.2523\/62561-MS"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DiGiacomo, P.M., and Schramm, C.M. (1983). Mechanism of Polyacrylamide Gel Syneresis Determined by C-13 NMR: SPE Oilfield and Geothermal Chemistry Symposium, Society of Petroleum Engineers.","DOI":"10.2523\/11787-MS"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2019.04.097","article-title":"Mechanism of formation of chromium acetate (Cr3+)\/phenol-formaldehyde resin prepolymer (PRP) complex and its compound cross-linking reaction with polymer for conformance control","volume":"179","author":"Lei","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pet. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fulleylove, R.J., Morgan, J.C., Stevens, D.G., and Thrasher, D.R. (1996). Water Shut-Off in Oil Production Wells\u2014Lessons from 12 Treatments: Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, Society of Petroleum Engineers.","DOI":"10.2523\/36211-MS"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.2118\/86548-PA","article-title":"Characterization of Crosslinked Gel Kinetics and Gel Strength by Use of NMR","volume":"11","author":"Hum","year":"2008","journal-title":"SPE Reserv. Eval. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hutchins, R.D., Dovan, H.T., and Sandiford, B.B. (1996). Field Applications of High Temperature Organic Gels for Water Control: SPE\/dOE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium, Society of Petroleum Engineers.","DOI":"10.2523\/35444-MS"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2020.107423","article-title":"Polyacrylamide gel formed by Cr (III) and phenolic resin for water control in high-temperature reservoirs","volume":"194","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pet. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1080\/10916466.2010.525587","article-title":"Study of a profile control agent applied in an offshore oilfield","volume":"29","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pet. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.9b03625","article-title":"Rheology of triamine functionalized silica reinforced polymeric gels developed for conformance control applications","volume":"34","author":"Hamza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sydansk, R.D. (1988). A New Conformance-Improvement-Treatment Chromium(III) Gel Technology, SPE\/DOE.","DOI":"10.2523\/17329-MS"}],"container-title":["Gels"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/10\/6\/413\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:02:02Z","timestamp":1760108522000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/10\/6\/413"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["gels10060413"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/gels10060413","relation":{},"ISSN":["2310-2861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2310-2861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]}}}