{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T11:02:34Z","timestamp":1787828554368,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Currently, one of the most important challenges for the conservation of stone artworks is the removal of metal corrosion products on their surfaces. Traditional cleaning methods, which typically involve the application of aqueous solutions containing chelating agents capable of complexing these metal ions, have shown some weaknesses. These weaknesses become apparent when such methods are applied to statues and other vertical surfaces or when aiming to limit the cleaning process to a specific area with controlled application times. Furthermore, the porosity of the stone surface plays a role concerning the cleaning efficiency. To address these issues, chelating agents can be incorporated into gel-like materials. This study is a proof of concept to evaluate the cleaning efficacy of various gel formulations composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), borax (B), and agarose (AG), loaded with two chelators: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and potassium sodium tartrate (PST or Rochelle salt). Three types of carbonate stones (travertine, Lecce stone, and Carrara marble) characterized by different porosities were artificially stained with copper sulphates and treated with the different PVA-B-AG formulations. The effectiveness of the treatment was directly monitored on the stones using a multi-technique approach that included scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and non-invasive portable nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Additionally, the rheological properties of the gels were investigated, and the Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopy (FTIR ATR) was used to analyse the chemical structure of the gel before and after treatment, aiming to understand the changes induced by the cleaning process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels10070455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T11:33:22Z","timestamp":1720697602000},"page":"455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Multi-Technique Assessment of Chelators-Loaded PVA-Borax Gel-like Systems Performance in Cleaning of Stone Contaminated with Copper Corrosion Products"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4587-4146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Giuliani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2682-2419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Genova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8327-6325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Stagno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4252-7156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Paoletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drug, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1416-1029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea Louise","family":"Matulac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus Mundus Joint Master\u2019s Degrees Archmat, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7306-6727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Ciccola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4472-5631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melania","family":"Di Fazio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7863-1801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Capuani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council Institute for Complex Systems (CNR-ISC) c\/o Physics Department, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6650-7216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Favero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Doehne, E., and Price, C.A. 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