{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T12:58:17Z","timestamp":1789909097137,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work describes a simple, inexpensive, and robust method to prepare a flexible \u201call in one\u201d integrated hydrogel supercapacitors (HySCs). Preparing smart hydrogels with high electrical conductivity, ability to stretch significantly, and excellent mechanical properties is the last challenge for tailored wearable devices. In this paper, we employed a physical crosslinking process that involves consecutive freezing and thawing cycles to prepare a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based hydrogel. Exploiting the self-healing properties of these materials, the assembly of the different layers of the HySCs has been performed. The ionic conductivity within the electrolyte layer arises from the inclusion of an H2SO4 solution in the hydrogel network. Instead, the electronic conductivity is facilitated by the addition of the conductive polymer PANI-PAMPSA into the hydrogel layers. Electrochemical measures have highlighted newsworthy properties related to our HySCs, opening their use in wearable electronic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels10070458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T11:28:03Z","timestamp":1720783683000},"page":"458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Multi-Layer PVA-PANI Conductive Hydrogel for Symmetrical Supercapacitors: Preparation and Characterization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Angelica","family":"Giovagnoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Chemistry \u201cToso Montanari\u201d, University of Bologna, Distretto Navile\u2014Via Gobetti 85, 40129 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giada","family":"D\u2019Altri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial 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Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9531-1340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Caretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Chemistry \u201cToso Montanari\u201d, University of Bologna, Distretto Navile\u2014Via Gobetti 85, 40129 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Industrial Research-Advanced Applications, Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology CIRI MAM University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2937-2284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Panzavolta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry \u201cGiacomo Ciamician\u201d, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, 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