{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:48:08Z","timestamp":1787320088647,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,14]],"date-time":"2024-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) within the SFB\/Transregio 79, subproject T1","award":["107540325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107540325"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biomechanical tests typically involve bending, compression, or shear stress, while fall tests are less common. The main challenge in performing fall tests is the non-reproducible directionality of bone when tested with soft tissue. Upon removal of the soft tissue, the explanted bone\u2019s resistance to impact diminishes. Therefore, ballistic gels can fix specimens in reproducible directions and simulate periosteal soft tissue. However, the use of ballistic gels in biomechanical studies is neither standardized nor widespread. This study aimed to optimize a ballistic gel consistency that mimics the upper thigh muscle in sheep. Our results suggest a standardized and flexible evaluation method by embedding samples in ballistic gel. Compression tests were conducted using cylindrical pieces of gluteal muscle from sheep. Various compositions of agarose and gelatin mixtures were tested to achieve a muscle-like consistency. The muscle-equivalent ballistic gel was found to consist of 29.5% gelatin and 0.35% agarose. Bones remained stable within the ballistic gel setup after freeze\u2013thaw cycles between \u221220 \u00b0C and +20 \u00b0C. This method reduces the variability caused by muscle and improves storage quality, allowing for tests to be conducted under consistent conditionsBallistic gels of agarose and gelatin are suitable for bone fracture models. They have muscle-like strength, fix fractures simultaneously, are inexpensive to produce, and can be stored to allow repeated measurements of the same object with changing questions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels10070461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T14:15:49Z","timestamp":1721052949000},"page":"461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Ballistic Gels in Experimental Fracture Setting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2981-5062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Biehl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"},{"name":"Experimental Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann-Cathrin","family":"Thiesse-Kraul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"St\u00f6tzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salsabel","family":"Alzubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lotta","family":"Biehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"M\u00fclke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"},{"name":"Experimental Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Heiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"},{"name":"Experimental Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1187-8578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thaqif","family":"El Khassawna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.05.015","article-title":"High strain rate compressive properties of bovine muscle tissue determined using a split Hopkinson bar apparatus","volume":"39","author":"Cronin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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