{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T11:41:41Z","timestamp":1780054901205,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The clinical application of collagen-based biomaterials is expanding rapidly, especially in tissue engineering and cosmetics. While oral supplements and injectable skin boosters are popular for enhancing skin health, clinical evidence supporting their effectiveness remains limited. Injectable products show potential in revitalizing skin, but safety concerns persist due to challenges in sterilization and the risk of biological contamination. Traditional methods of sterilization (heat and irradiation) can denature collagen. This study addresses these issues by introducing a novel technique: the double filtration and low-temperature steam sterilization of a collagen gel. In vitro tests documented the sterility and confirmed that the collagen did not show cytotoxicity, degradation, integrity, and viscosity characteristics changes after the processing and sterilization. The collagen gel induced new collagen expression and the proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts when the cells were cultured with the collagen gel. An in vivo study found no adverse effects in rats or significant lesions at the implantation site over 13 weeks. These results suggest that this novel method to process collagen gels is a safe and effective skin booster. Advanced processing methods are likely to mitigate the safety risks associated with injectable collagen products, though further research is needed to validate their biological effectiveness and clinical benefits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels10100619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T08:20:52Z","timestamp":1727338852000},"page":"619","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Biocompatibility Study of Purified and Low-Temperature-Sterilized Injectable Collagen for Soft Tissue Repair: Intramuscular Implantation in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Tae-Hoon","family":"Koo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D.med LLC, 111, Sagimakgol-ro, Jungwon-gu, Seongnam-si 13202, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, 10666 N Torrey Pines Road, MS126, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawn","family":"Grogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, 10666 N Torrey Pines Road, MS126, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ho","family":"Ra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, 10666 N Torrey Pines Road, MS126, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8707-1455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darryl","family":"D\u2019Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education at Scripps Clinic, 10666 N Torrey Pines Road, MS126, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e2022018","article-title":"Collagen Supplements for Aging and Wrinkles: A Paradigm Shift in the Field of Dermatology and Cosmetics","volume":"12","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol. 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