{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T06:26:10Z","timestamp":1789021570782,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to develop and evaluate hydrogels containing a cyclodextrin complex with clove essential oil and other free volatile oils with antimicrobial properties (tea tree and rosemary essential oils), focusing on their pharmaco-technical and rheological characteristics. The formulations varied in the Carbopol 940 (a hydrophilic polymer) and volatile oils\u2019 concentrations. Rheological analysis indicated that the gels displayed pseudoplastic behavior, with the flow index (n) values below 1, ensuring appropriate consistency and handling. The results showed that increasing the Carbopol concentration significantly enhanced the yield stress, consistency index, and viscosity, with gel B, containing 1% Carbopol, 1.5% tea tree essential oil, and 1.5% rosemary essential oil, demonstrating optimal stability and rheological properties. At the same time, the concentration of volatile oils was found to modulate the gels\u2019 flow parameters, but their effect was less pronounced than that of the gel-forming polymer. Antimicrobial testing revealed that both gel B and gel E (containing 1% Carbopol, 2% tea tree essential oil, and 2% rosemary essential oil) exhibited antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and Candida spp., with gel E showing superior efficacy against Candida tropicalis. The antimicrobial effects were likely influenced by the higher concentrations of tea tree and rosemary essential oils in gel E. Overall, the study demonstrates that the concentration of Carbopol 940 primarily determines the gel\u2019s rheological behavior, while volatile oil concentration modulates antimicrobial effectiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels10100645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]],"date-time":"2024-10-10T07:53:05Z","timestamp":1728546785000},"page":"645","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Development, Optimization, and Evaluation of New Gel Formulations with Cyclodextrin Complexes and Volatile Oils with Antimicrobial Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Alina Ionela","family":"Stancu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1\u20137 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7051-4136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliza","family":"Oprea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Portocalilor 1-3, 060101 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6593-255X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lia Mara","family":"Di\u021bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Portocalilor 1-3, 060101 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"MICROGEN Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Portocalilor 1-3, 060101 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1777-0525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton","family":"Ficai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1\u20137 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov Street 1-3, 050045 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"National Centre for Micro and Nanomaterials and National Centre for Food Safety, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5504-5156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cornelia-Ioana","family":"Ilie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Science and Engineering 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Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oana","family":"Br\u00eencoveanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies, 126A Erou Iancu Nicolae Street, 077190 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6853-9203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihaela Violeta","family":"Ghica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Innovative Therapeutic Structures Research and Development Centre (InnoTher), University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, 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