{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T19:03:14Z","timestamp":1788116594282,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) is a microbially derived polyhydroxyalkanoate that is widely used in biomedical applications. In this study, we investigated the use of acetic acid (aa) as an alternative environmentally friendly solvent for the preparation of gels from PHB (PHB aa) and compared their characteristics with PHB products dissolved in chloroform (PHB chl) using such methods as DSC, FTIR, SEM, rheometry, biodegradation, and cytocompatibility assay. A slight decrease in the degree of the crystallinity of the PHB from 61% to 50.8% was found when the acetic acid was used. This resulted in a greater mass loss for the PHB aa (11%) during enzymatic degradation over 180 days. Gels prepared from PHB in the different solvents showed differences in the microstructure and porosity of the samples, which affected their viscoelastic properties. The storage modulus (G\u2032) for the PHB aa gels was higher by 35% compared to that for the PHB chl, and Young\u2019s modulus in compression was 101.5 and 41.3 kPa for the PHB aa and PHB chl, respectively. The porosity of the PHB aa was 97.7%, which was 5.2% higher than that for the PHB chl. The presence of low molecular weight polymers in the PHB aa had an effect on mesenchymal stem cells\u2019 viability, expressed as a threefold increase in the number of attached cells after 7 days of incubation compared to the PHB chl. Thus, the proposed method of PHB-based materials\u2019 preparation is a promising, more environmentally friendly analog of the extensively used method of preparation from chloroform.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels10100664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T09:14:03Z","timestamp":1729156443000},"page":"664","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Effect of Acetic Acid as a Solvent on the Structure and Properties of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)\u2014Based Dried Gels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2852-8002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vsevolod","family":"Zhuikov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., 119071 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7553-4993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yulia","family":"Zhuikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., 119071 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazur, F., Pham, A.-H., and Chandrawati, R. (2023). Polymer Materials as Catalysts for Medical, Environmental, and Energy Applications. Appl. Mater. Today, 35.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2023.101937"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bekchanov, D., Mukhamediev, M., Yarmanov, S., Lieberzeit, P., and Mujahid, A. (2024). Functionalizing Natural Polymers to Develop Green Adsorbents for Wastewater Treatment Applications. Carbohydr. Polym., 323.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2023.121397"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haleem, A., Pan, J.-M., Shah, A., Hussain, H., and He, W. (2023). A Systematic Review on New Advancement and Assessment of Emerging Polymeric Cryogels for Environmental Sustainability and Energy Production. Sep. Purif. Technol., 316.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2023.123678"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, T.-T., Cheng, S.-B., Feng, L.-F., Gu, X.-P., Duan, J.-T., Jiang, M.-Z., and Zhang, C.-L. (2023). A Review on the Free Radical Grafting of Vinyl Monomers onto Polyethylene and Polypropylene by Reactive Extrusion. Chem. Eng. Sci., 278.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2023.118916"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manousi, N., Kabir, A., Furton, K.G., Tzanavaras, P.D., and Zacharis, C.K. (2022). In Situ Synthesis of Monolithic Sol\u2013Gel Polyethylene Glycol-Based Sorbent Encapsulated in Porous Polypropylene Microextraction Capsules and Its Application for Selective Extraction of Antifungal and Anthelmintic Drugs from Human Urine. Microchem. J., 180.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2022.107594"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2018.03.008","article-title":"Characterization and Antibacterial Properties of Nanosilver-Applied Polyethylene and Polypropylene Composite Films for Food Packaging Applications","volume":"23","author":"Jo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"262","article-title":"Developments of Polyurethane in Biomedical Applications: A Review","volume":"2","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Resour. Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peter, N.J., Griesshaber, E., Reisecker, C., Hild, S., Oliveira, M.V.G., Schmahl, W.W., and Schneider, A.S. (2023). Biocrystal Assembly Patterns, Biopolymer Distribution and Material Property Relationships in Mytilus Galloprovincialis, Bivalvia, and Haliotis Glabra, Gastropoda, Shells. Materialia, 28.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtla.2023.101749"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christina, K., Subbiah, K., Arulraj, P., Krishnan, S.K., and Sathishkumar, P. (2024). A Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Approach for Environmental and Energy Management Using Biopolymers Chitosan, Lignin and Cellulose\u2014A Review. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 257.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.128550"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sridharan, S., Kumar, M., Saha, M., Kirkham, M.B., Singh, L., and Bolan, N.S. (2022). The Polymers and Their Additives in Particulate Plastics: What Makes Them Hazardous to the Fauna?. Sci. Total Environ., 824.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153828"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badar, I.H., Wang, Z., Liu, H., Chen, Q., Xia, X., Liu, Q., and Kong, B. (2023). Future Prospects of High Internal Phase Pickering Emulsions Stabilized by Natural Modified Biopolymers as a Potential Fat Substitute in Meat Products. Trends Food Sci. Technol., 140.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2023.104176"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, M., and Zhang, Y. (2023). Biopolymer-Based Encapsulation of Anthocyanins as Reinforced Natural Colorants for Food Applications. J. Agric. Food Res., 11.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafr.2022.100488"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"da Costa, R.C., Daitx, T.S., Mauler, R.S., da Silva, N.M., Miotto, M., Crespo, J.S., and Carli, L.N. (2020). Poly(Hydroxybutyrate-Co-Hydroxyvalerate)-Based Nanocomposites for Antimicrobial Active Food Packaging Containing Oregano Essential Oil. Food Packag. Shelf Life, 26.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpsl.2020.100602"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jakubowska, E., Gierszewska, M., Szyd\u0142owska-Czerniak, A., Nowaczyk, J., and Olewnik-Kruszkowska, E. (2023). Development and Characterization of Active Packaging Films Based on Chitosan, Plasticizer, and Quercetin for Repassed Oil Storage. Food Chem., 399.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.133934"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjche.2023.05.018","article-title":"Use of Biopolymers in Wastewater Treatment: A Brief Review of Current Trends and Prospects","volume":"64","author":"Elgarahy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shabir, R., Li, Y., Megharaj, M., and Chen, C. (2024). Biopolymer as an Additive for Effective Biochar-Based Rhizobial Inoculant. Sci. Total Environ., 912.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.169263"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhatt, R., and Jaffe, M. (2015). Biopolymers in Medical Implants. Excipient Applications in Formulation Design and Drug Delivery, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-20206-8_11"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerasimenko, A.Y., Kurilova, U.E., Savelyev, M.S., Murashko, D.T., and Glukhova, O.E. (2021). Laser Fabrication of Composite Layers from Biopolymers with Branched 3D Networks of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Cardiovascular Implants. Compos. Struct., 260.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2020.113517"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.037","article-title":"Recent Approaches for Enhanced Production of Microbial Polyhydroxybutyrate: Preparation of Biocomposites and Applications","volume":"182","author":"Anjana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manikandan, N.A., Pakshirajan, K., and Pugazhenthi, G. (2021). Techno-Economic Assessment of a Sustainable and Cost-Effective Bioprocess for Large Scale Production of Polyhydroxybutyrate. Chemosphere, 284.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131371"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1134\/S0006350918020288","article-title":"Hydrolytic Degradation of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) and Its Copolymer with 3-Hydroxyvalerate of Different Molecular Weights in Vitro","volume":"63","author":"Zhuikov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biophysics"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/15421406.2017.1302580","article-title":"Mechanics and Surface Ultrastructure Changes of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) Films during Enzymatic Degradation in Pancreatic Lipase Solution","volume":"648","author":"Zhuikov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820270904","article-title":"Tissue Response and in Vivo Degradation of Selected Polyhydroxyacids: Polylactides (PLA), Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), and Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- Co -3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHB\/VA)","volume":"27","author":"Gogolewski","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iordanskii, A., Bonartseva, G., Makhina, T., Sklyanchuk, E., and Zaikov, G. (2015). Bacterial Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) as a Biodegradable Polymer for Biomedicine. Physical Chemistry Research for Engineering and Applied Sciences, Volume One, Apple Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b18153-2"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhende, P.P., Chauhan, R., Waigaonkar, S., Bragan\u00e7a, J.M., and Ganguly, A. (2023). Composites of Bacillus Megaterium H16 Derived Poly-3-Hydroxybutyrate as a Biomaterial for Skin Tissue Engineering. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 244.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.125355"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shuai, C., Wang, C., Qi, F., Peng, S., Yang, W., He, C., Wang, G., and Qian, G. (2020). Enhanced Crystallinity and Antibacterial of PHBV Scaffolds Incorporated with Zinc Oxide. J. Nanomater., 2020.","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6014816"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.02.011","article-title":"Thermophysical Properties and Biodegradation Behavior of Green Composites Made from Polyhydroxybutyrate and Potato Peel Waste Fermentation Residue","volume":"69","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanabenja, W., Passarapark, K., Subchokpool, T., Nawaaukkaratharnant, N., Rom\u00e1n, A.J., Osswald, T.A., Aumnate, C., and Potiyaraj, P. (2022). 3D Printing Filaments from Plasticized Polyhydroxybutyrate\/Polylactic Acid Blends Reinforced with Hydroxyapatite. Addit. Manuf., 59.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addma.2022.103130"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babaniyi, R.B., Afolabi, F.J., and Obagunwa, M.P. (2020). Recycling of Used Polyethylene through Solvent Blending of Plasticized Polyhydroxybutyrate and Its Degradation Potential. Compos. Part C Open Access, 2.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomc.2020.100021"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.178","article-title":"Experimental Study on Fabrication, Biocompatibility and Mechanical Characterization of Polyhydroxybutyrate-Ball Clay Bionanocomposites for Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"209","author":"Ankush","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-013-5073-4","article-title":"Evaluation of PHBHHx and PHBV\/PLA Fibers Used as Medical Sutures","volume":"25","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2818.2003.01204.x","article-title":"In Vivo Response to HA-polyhydroxybutyrate\/Polyhydroxyvalerate Composite","volume":"211","author":"Luklinska","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Microsc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6864","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.4c01175","article-title":"Unprecedented Thermally Induced Structural Changes in Aerogels of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) during Heating","volume":"6","author":"Akhila","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zharkova, I.I., Volkov, A.V., Muraev, A.A., Makhina, T.K., Voinova, V.V., Ryabova, V.M., Gazhva, Y.V., Kashirina, A.S., Kashina, A.V., and Bonartseva, G.A. (2023). Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) 3D-Scaffold\u2013Conduit for Guided Tissue Sprouting. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24086965"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6697","DOI":"10.1021\/ma020073y","article-title":"Nonsolvent-Induced Gelation and Its Effect on Membrane Morphology","volume":"35","author":"Lin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2016.09.093","article-title":"Il Fabrication and Characterization of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) Gels Using Non-Solvent-Induced Phase Separation","volume":"104","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s13233-020-8109-x","article-title":"Il Porous Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) Scaffolds Prepared by Non-Solvent-Induced Phase Separation for Tissue Engineering","volume":"28","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Macromol. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-6031(95)02572-3","article-title":"Gel-Sol Phase Transition of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) in Dimethylformamide","volume":"269\u2013270","author":"Turchetto","year":"1995","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2005.11.070","article-title":"Thermoreversible Gelation of Biodegradable Polyester (PHBV) in Toluene","volume":"47","author":"Pich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, D., Wang, C., Bi, Z., Zhou, B., Wang, L., Li, Q., and Turng, L.-S. (2023). Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene\/Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) (EPTFE\/PHB) Triboelectric Nanogenerators and Their Potential Applications as Self-Powered and Sensing Vascular Grafts. Chem. Eng. J., 455.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.140494"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammadalipour, M., Asadolahi, M., Mohammadalipour, Z., Behzad, T., and Karbasi, S. (2023). Plasma Surface Modification of Electrospun Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) Nanofibers to Investigate Their Performance in Bone Tissue Engineering. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 230.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.123167"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Budurova, D., Ublekov, F., and Penchev, H. (2021). The Use of Formic Acid as a Common Solvent for Electrospinning of Hybrid PHB\/Soy Protein Fibers. Mater. Lett., 301.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2021.130313"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1177\/0307174X0503200806","article-title":"Effect of Certain Solvent Parameters on the Structure of Polyhydroxybutyrate Films","volume":"32","author":"Iordanskii","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. Polym. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-8130(99)00036-7","article-title":"Determination of Solubility Parameters for Poly(3-Hydroxyalkanoates)","volume":"25","author":"Terada","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anbukarasu, P., Sauvageau, D., and Elias, A. (2015). Tuning the Properties of Polyhydroxybutyrate Films Using Acetic Acid via Solvent Casting. Sci. Rep., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17884"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chanda, S. (2005). Acetic Acid. Encyclopedia of Toxicology, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-12-369400-0\/00013-2"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30021","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CP05133F","article-title":"Enzymatic Degradation of Dimensionally Constrained Polyhydroxybutyrate Films","volume":"19","author":"Anbukarasu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1002\/pol.1982.130200701","article-title":"Crystallization\u2013Gelation Process of Homopolymers and Copolymers from Solution","volume":"20","author":"Edwards","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Lett. Ed."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1134\/S0003683808050050","article-title":"Effect of Growth Conditions on the Molecular Weight of Poly-3-Hydroxybutyrate Produced by Azotobacter Chroococcum 7B","volume":"44","author":"Myshkina","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.3390\/polym2040418","article-title":"New Biocompatible Polyesters Derived from \u03b1-Amino Acids: Hydrolytic Degradation Behavior","volume":"2","author":"Domb","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4094","DOI":"10.1021\/ma5003968","article-title":"Theory of Polymer Chains in Poor Solvent: Single-Chain Structure, Solution Thermodynamics, and \u0398 Point","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abramova, A.A., Glagolev, M.K., and Vasilevskaya, V.V. (2022). Structured Globules with Twisted Arrangement of Helical Blocks: Computer Simulation. Polymer, 253.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2022.124974"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1021\/ma60018a005","article-title":"Physical Properties of Poly (\u03b2-Hydroxy Butyrate). II. Conformational Aspects in Solution","volume":"3","author":"Marchessault","year":"1970","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-012-2503-3","article-title":"Thermal Properties and Applications of Low Molecular Weight Polyhydroxybutyrate","volume":"111","author":"Hong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhuikova, Y.V., Zhuikov, V.A., Makhina, T.K., Efremov, Y.M., Aksenova, N.A., Timashev, P.S., Bonartseva, G.A., and Varlamov, V.P. (2023). Preparation and Characterization of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate)\/Chitosan Composite Films Using Acetic Acid as a Solvent. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 248.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.125970"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1021\/bm034104o","article-title":"Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for Screening and Quantifying Production of PHAs by Pseudomonas Grown on Sodium Octanoate","volume":"4","author":"Randriamahefa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-008-9903-3","article-title":"Production of PHB and P (3HB-Co-3HV) Biopolymers by Bacillus Megaterium Strain OU303A Isolated from Municipal Sewage Sludge","volume":"25","author":"Thirumala","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6893","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(02)00615-8","article-title":"In Situ FTIR Study on Melting and Crystallization of Polyhydroxyalkanoates","volume":"43","author":"Xu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2014.09.009","article-title":"FTIR Spectroscopy for Analysis of Crystallinity of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-4 -Hydroxybutyrate) Polymers and Its Utilization in Evaluation of Aging, Orientation and Composition","volume":"40","author":"Kann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalita, N.K., Damare, N.A., Hazarika, D., Bhagabati, P., Kalamdhad, A., and Katiyar, V. (2021). Biodegradation and Characterization Study of Compostable PLA Bioplastic Containing Algae Biomass as Potential Degradation Accelerator. Environ. Chall., 3.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envc.2021.100067"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhuikov, V.A., Akoulina, E.A., Chesnokova, D.V., Wenhao, Y., Makhina, T.K., Demyanova, I.V., Zhuikova, Y.V., Voinova, V.V., Belishev, N.V., and Surmenev, R.A. (2021). The Growth of 3t3 Fibroblasts on Phb, Pla and Phb\/Pla Blend Films at Different Stages of Their Biodegradation in Vitro. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13010108"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhuikov, V.A., Zhuikova, Y.V., Makhina, T.K., Myshkina, V.L., Rusakov, A., Useinov, A., Voinova, V.V., Bonartseva, G.A., Berlin, A.A., and Bonartsev, A.P. (2020). Comparative Structure-Property Characterization of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxyvalerate)s Films under Hydrolytic and Enzymatic Degradation: Finding a Transition Point in 3-Hydroxyvalerate Content. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12030728"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2899","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-018-3380-0","article-title":"Effect of Pore Size, Morphology and Orientation on the Bulk Stiffness of a Porous Ti35Nb4Sn Alloy","volume":"27","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bejarano, J., Boccaccini, A.R., Covarrubias, C., and Palza, H. (2020). Effect of Cu- and Zn-Doped Bioactive Glasses on the In Vitro Bioactivity, Mechanical and Degradation Behavior of Biodegradable PDLLA Scaffolds. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13132908"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.02.002","article-title":"Porosity of 3D Biomaterial Scaffolds and Osteogenesis","volume":"26","author":"Karageorgiou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2008.11.029","article-title":"Density\u2013Property Relationships in Mineralized Collagen\u2013Glycosaminoglycan Scaffolds","volume":"5","author":"Kanungo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boyandin, A.N., Dvoinina, L.M., Sukovatyi, A.G., Sukhanova, A.A., and Ertiletskaya, N.L. (2024). Improvement of Biocompatibility of High Molecular Weight Poly-3-Hydroxybutyrate by Blending with Its Functionalized Oligomers. Chim. Techno Acta, 11.","DOI":"10.15826\/chimtech.2024.11.1.01"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016596228316","article-title":"Effect of Lipase Treatment on the Biocompatibility of Microbial Polyhydroxyalkanoates","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"89","article-title":"Fabrication And Characterization Of Pcl\/Ha\/Ppy Composite Scaffold Using Freeze-Drying Technique","volume":"78","author":"Sultana","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Teknol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valente, B.F.A., Silvestre, A.J.D., Neto, C.P., Vilela, C., and Freire, C.S.R. (2022). Improving the Processability and Performance of Micronized Fiber-Reinforced Green Composites through the Use of Biobased Additives. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14173451"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dudun, A., Akoulina, E., Zhuikov, V., Makhina, T., Voinova, V., Belishev, N., Khaydapova, D., Shaitan, K., Bonartseva, G., and Bonartsev, A. (2021). Competitive Biosynthesis of Bacterial Alginate Using Azotobacter Vinelandii 12 for Tissue Engineering Applications. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14010131"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-021-05190-8","article-title":"Growth of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) Scaffolds Loaded with Simvastatin","volume":"171","author":"Akoulina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."}],"container-title":["Gels"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/10\/10\/664\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:15:15Z","timestamp":1760112915000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/10\/10\/664"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["gels10100664"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/gels10100664","relation":{},"ISSN":["2310-2861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2310-2861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]]}}}