{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:12:32Z","timestamp":1792804352280,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Centre","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02n85j827","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"PRIMA International Project"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was prepared from sugarcane bagasse (SB) in minutes using a novel microwave method. Additionally, nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N\u2013CDs) were synthesized from SB using the same microwave technique. These materials were crosslinked with CaCl2 to prepare antibacterial\/antifungal hydrogel sensors. In this regard, both CMC@Ca and CMC@Ca-N\u2013CDs exhibited antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (Gram negative), while only CMC@Ca-N\u2013CDs demonstrated antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive). Moreover, both materials showed antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The molecular docking study demonstrated that CMC@Ca-N\u2013CDs showed good binding with proteins with short bond length 2.59, 2.80, and 1.97 A\u00b0 for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans, respectively. These binding affinities were corroborated by the observed inhibition zone diameters. Furthermore, fluorescence microscope revealed distinct imaging patterns between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as pathogenic yeast (fungi). CMC@Ca-N\u2013CDs emitted blue light when exposed to Escherichia coli and Candida albicans (i.e., CMC@Ca-N\u2013CDs\/Escherichia coli and Candida albicans), whereas it emitted bright-red light when exposed to Staphylococcus aureus (i.e., CMC@Ca-N\u2013CDs\/Staphylococcus aureus). This disparity in the fluorescence-emitted colors is due to the difference in the cell wall of these microorganisms. Additionally, DFT calculations were conducted to substantiate the robust chemical interactions between CMC, Ca2+, and N\u2013CDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels10110686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T05:47:33Z","timestamp":1729748853000},"page":"686","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Novel, Speedy, and Eco-Friendly Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Nitrogen Doped Carbon Dots Biosensors with DFT Calculations, Molecular Docking, and Experimental Validation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5494-841X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hebat-Allah S.","family":"Tohamy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellulose & Paper Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza P.O. Box 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2855","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-023-02796-z","article-title":"Production of polymer hydrogel composites and their applications","volume":"31","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2011.08.078","article-title":"Green composites from sustainable cellulose nanofibrils: A review","volume":"87","author":"Khalil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Makhanya, F.M. (2020). Conversion of Sugarcane Bagasse into Carboxymethl Cellulose. [Ph.D. Thesis, Durban University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tohamy, H.-A.S. (2024). 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