{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T03:05:36Z","timestamp":1792638336449,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, in addition to the positive effects of probiotics and prebiotics on health, increasing research has shown that postbiotics also have significant potential in the health field. Postbiotics are bioactive components produced by probiotic bacteria during fermentation and may exhibit antimicrobial activity. This study investigated the antimicrobial effects of liposomal postbiotics formulated in gel. Various postbiotic-containing liposomal systems have been developed and optimized to prepare formulations. Optimized liposomes and liposomal postbiotic-containing gel forms were examined in terms of particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, structural properties, encapsulation efficiency, permeability, release profiles, and stability. Finally, the antimicrobial activities of the postbiotics and the optimum gel formulation LG1 were evaluated on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus hirae, and Candida albicans strains using disk diffusion and microdilution methods. The optimum liposome formulation L1 was determined to have a particle size of 185.32 \u00b1 0.80 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.206 \u00b1 0.012, a zeta potential of 35.0 \u00b1 0.5 mV, and an encapsulation efficiency of 17.52%. Its permeability was determined as 51.52% at the end of 6 h. In vitro release studies showed that the drug release profile was in accordance with first-order kinetics and suitable for controlled release. The findings show that formulated postbiotics have similar antimicrobial activity to free postbiotics. These results suggest that liposomal gel formulations support the antimicrobial effects of postbiotics while providing advantages of use. In conclusion, the findings contribute to a better understanding of the antimicrobial potential of postbiotics and lipogelosomal postbiotics and optimize their use in pharmaceutical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels10110746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T11:58:07Z","timestamp":1732017487000},"page":"746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Novel Liposome\u2013Gel Formulations Containing a Next Generation Postbiotic: Characterization, Rheological, Stability, Release Kinetic, and In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4285-7374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Halise Bet\u00fcl","family":"G\u00f6k\u00e7e","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar 03030, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7075-7103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0130smail","family":"Aslan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul 34668, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aslan, I., Tarhan Celebi, L., Kayhan, H., Kizilay, E., Gulbahar, M.Y., Kurt, H., and Cakici, B. 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