{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T08:18:43Z","timestamp":1787732323696,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the micro-nanostructure and color changes of dental enamel after treatment with new gel formulations containing papain or bromelain. Eighty caries-free, extracted human teeth were randomly divided into two groups (n = 40) and stained by immersion in either coffee or Tedi juice for 4 h daily over five consecutive days. After staining, the samples were washed and stored in artificial saliva at 37 \u00b0C. The stained samples were then treated with four different whitening gels (GC, G1, G2, and Opalescence 15%) for 4 h daily. Following each treatment, the samples were rinsed and stored in artificial saliva. Color changes were measured using a digital spectrophotometer to assess CIEL*a*b* \u0394E* and the Whiteness index (WI). The enamel micro-nanostructure was analyzed using SEM and AFM. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey\u2019s HSD test. The results showed that gels containing papain and bromelain were more effective than the commercial gel in removing stains. SEM and AFM analysis indicated that papain was particularly effective for removing coffee stains, while bromelain was better for stains from natural juices. Healthy enamel has a Ra value of approximately 10 nm, which increases to about 40 nm after staining. Papain restored enamel roughness to approximately 8 nm for coffee stains and bromelain restored it to 11 nm for juice stains, delivering optimal results, while commercial gel ensures a roughness of about 15 nm after stain removal. CIELAB reveals notable changes in \u0394E and WI after bleaching, revealing that papain gel is optimal for coffee stain removal and bromelain gel is optimal for natural juice stains. In conclusion, dental stains should be assessed by a dentist to determine the most suitable gel for achieving optimal results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11020100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T04:36:51Z","timestamp":1738557411000},"page":"100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Whitening Efficiency of Papain and Bromelain Gels in Removing Dental Stains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9812-695X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanca","family":"Cuc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer Composites, Institute of Chemistry Raluca Ripan, Babe\u0219-Bolyai University, 30 Fantanele Street, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2960-9832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Codruta","family":"Sarosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Polymer Composites, Institute of Chemistry Raluca Ripan, Babe\u0219-Bolyai University, 30 Fantanele Street, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3274-8817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioan","family":"Petean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babe\u0219-Bolyai University, 11 Arany Janos Street, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amalia","family":"Moldovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics and Chemistry Department, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 28 Memorandumului Street, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5706-322X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Bacali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Materials, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 32 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6210-5014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sorin Claudiu","family":"Man","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mother & Child Department, Pediatrics III, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2-4 Campeni Street, 400217 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2017.02.013","article-title":"A novel approach to study in situ enamel erosion and abrasion lesions","volume":"59","author":"Ablal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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