{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T15:59:41Z","timestamp":1790006381020,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the development and comparative evaluation of new dermatocosmetic preparations based on hydroalcoholic macerates of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), focusing on their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. For this purpose, rosemary hydroalcoholic macerations were analyzed by evaluating the content of biologically active compounds, determining their antioxidant and antimicrobial capacity. Total polyphenol content (TPC), determined via the Folin\u2013Cioc\u00e2lteu method, reached 2155 \u00b1 2.45 mg GAE\/100 g fresh weight in the 70% ethanol macerate (RDS2) of rosemary from Dobrogea, significantly exceeding (p &lt; 0.05) the values observed in the Bulgarian samples. The highest antioxidant activity (745 \u00b1 2.33 mg GAE\/100 g fresh weight) correlated with this extraction. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) analysis revealed elevated calcium (119.5 mg\/kg), zinc, and iron levels in Dobrogean rosemary compared to its Bulgarian counterparts. Antimicrobial assessments demonstrated that the 70% ethanol macerate (RDS2) of Dobrogean rosemary exhibited the strongest inhibitory effects, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus (inhibition zone: 11\u201323 mm), while its activity against Escherichia coli was moderate (10\u201317 mm at 30 \u00b5L). Candida albicans was also significantly inhibited, with an inhibition zone of 9\u201320 mm. In contrast, the Bulgarian rosemary macerate (RBS2) exhibited weak inhibition against the tested microorganisms. The higher antimicrobial activity of the RDS2 is likely due to its enriched polyphenolic content, including carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid, which are known for their bioactive properties. These findings highlight Dobrogean rosemary\u2019s superior bioactive properties, supporting its use in formulations with antioxidant and antimicrobial benefits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11030149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T04:03:17Z","timestamp":1740024197000},"page":"149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The Development and Comparative Evaluation of Rosemary Hydroalcoholic Macerate-Based Dermatocosmetic Preparations: A Study on Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Alaa","family":"Sahlabgi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020945 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dumitru","family":"Lupuliasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020945 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2523-647X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Stanciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ovidius University of Constanta, 900527 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1550-751X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Lup\u0219or","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ovidius University of Constanta, 900527 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lavinia Lia","family":"Vlaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Formulation and Technology of Drug Research Center, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramona","family":"Rotariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wastewater Testing Laboratory, RAJA, South Constanta, 900527 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7269-8052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicoleta Corina","family":"Predescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preclinical Sciences Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 050097 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1208-7732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiana","family":"R\u0103dulescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Valahia University of Targoviste, 130004 Targoviste, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radu-Lucian","family":"Olteanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Valahia University of Targoviste, 130004 Targoviste, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1219-3420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sorina-Geanina","family":"St\u0103nescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Science and Technology, Valahia University of Targoviste, 130004 Targoviste, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucian","family":"H\u00eencu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Industry and Pharmaceutical Biotechnologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 020956 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8448-5054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Mititelu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory and Food Safety, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kabubii, Z.N., Mbaria, J.M., Mathiu, M.P., Wanjohi, J.M., and Nyaboga, E.N. 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