{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:43:36Z","timestamp":1787028216251,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]],"date-time":"2025-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mexican Institute of Water Technology","award":["DP2101.1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2101.1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study developed iron-oxide-functionalized carbon xerogels for enhanced arsenic adsorption to mitigate global water contamination. The composites were synthesized by integrating magnetite nanoparticles (15\u201320 nm) into a resorcinol\u2013formaldehyde matrix via sol\u2013gel polycondensation, followed by controlled pyrolysis. Key parameters\u2014magnetite\/resorcinol ratios (0.03\u20130.07), carbonization conditions (temperature, heating rate, duration), and H2O2-induced surface modification\u2014were optimized to maximize adsorption performance. Characterization (SEM\/EDX, XRD, FTIR, BET, TEM) confirmed uniform magnetite dispersion (~5 wt%) and revealed that pyrolysis at 850 \u00b0C enhanced porosity (378.8 m2\/g surface area) and refined surface chemistry. Adsorption kinetics followed Elovich (R2 = 0.9396) and Power Function (R2 = 0.9443) models, indicating chemisorption dominance. Response Surface Methodology optimized desorption parameters using a Central Composite Design with three factors and two center points with repetition. A kinetic study of As(V) desorption from carbon xerogels was conducted, yielding optimal conditions: 1.0 M KOH, 160 rpm agitation, and 90 min contact time. The adsorbent retained &gt;88% regeneration efficiency over four cycles, demonstrating robust reusability. Synergistic effects of magnetite incorporation, tailored pyrolysis, and H2O2 modification significantly improved arsenic selectivity and capacity in complex matrices, while enabling magnetic recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11050323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T09:39:47Z","timestamp":1745833187000},"page":"323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Engineered Magnetic-Functionalized Carbon Xerogels for Sustainable Arsenic Removal: Bridging Adsorption Efficiency with Regenerability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1915-7863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sasirot","family":"Khamkure","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de Irrigaci\u00f3n y Drenaje, Secihti- Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo 25315, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6733-2032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pr\u00f3coro","family":"Gamero-Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sustainability of Natural Resources and Energy, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Saltillo, Ramos Arizpe 25900, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audberto","family":"Reyes-Rosas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de Biosciencia y Agrotecnolog\u00eda, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Qu\u00edmica Aplicada, Saltillo 25294, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Zerme\u00f1o-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmento de Irrigaci\u00f3n y Drenaje, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma Agraria Antonio Narro, Calzada Antonio Narro, Saltillo 25315, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1267-2341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Cat\u00e1lisis y Materiales, Escuela Superior de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica e Industrias Extractivas \u2014Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Zacatenco, Mexico City 07738, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1065-5401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elim","family":"Albiter Escobar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Cat\u00e1lisis y Materiales, Escuela Superior de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica e Industrias Extractivas \u2014Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Zacatenco, Mexico City 07738, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela Eleonora","family":"Moeller-Ch\u00e1vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ingenier\u00eda Ambiental y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica del Estado de Morelos, Jiutepec 62574, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4185-7540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Bustos-Terrones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ingenier\u00eda Ambiental y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica del Estado de Morelos, Jiutepec 62574, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valskys, V., Hassan, H.R., Wo\u0142kowicz, S., Satk\u016bnas, J., Kibirk\u0161tis, G., and Ignatavi\u010dius, G. (2022). A Review on Detection Techniques, Health Hazards and Human Health Risk Assessment of Arsenic Pollution in Soil and Groundwater. Minerals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/min12101326"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123805","article-title":"Arsenic Removal Technologies and Future Trends: A Mini Review","volume":"278","author":"Alka","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean Prod."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2018.177","article-title":"Studies on Desorption and Regeneration of Natural Pumice for Iron Removal from Aqueous Solution","volume":"2017","author":"Indah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s40201-022-00825-y","article-title":"High Efficiency of Magnetite Nanoparticles for the Arsenic Removal from an Aqueous Solution and Natural Water Taken from Tambo River in Peru","volume":"20","author":"Ccamerccoa","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bsecv.2020.01.011","article-title":"A Synthetic Guide toward the Tailored Production of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles","volume":"60","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bol. Soc. Esp. Ceram. Y Vidr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emcon.2023.100212","article-title":"Engineered Nanoparticles in Aquatic Systems: Toxicity and Mechanism of Toxicity in Fish","volume":"9","author":"Dube","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Contam."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gambardella, C., and Pinsino, A. (2022). Nanomaterial Ecotoxicology in the Terrestrial and Aquatic Environment: A Systematic Review. Toxics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10070393"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2017.05.021","article-title":"Novel Controlled Synthesis of Nanoporous Carbon Nanorods from Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Xerogels","volume":"201","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morales-Torres, S., Jirglov\u00e1, H., Pastrana-Mart\u00ednez, L.M., and Maldonado-H\u00f3dar, F.J. (2020). Influence of Electrostatic Interactions during the Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Polymerization on the Characteristics of Mo-Doped Carbon Gels. Processes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr8060746"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, Y., Zhang, L., and Yang, W. (2024). Synthesis of Mesoporous Silica Using the Sol\u2013Gel Approach: Adjusting Architecture and Composition for Novel Applications. Nanomaterials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14110903"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veselov, G.B., and Vedyagin, A.A. (2023). Resorcinol\u2013Formaldehyde-Derived Carbon Xerogels: Preparation, Functionalization, and Application Aspects. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16196566"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200390020","article-title":"Preparation and Properties of Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Organic and Carbon Gels","volume":"15","author":"Ritter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.143474","article-title":"Magnetic Nanostructured Adsorbents for Water Treatment: Structure-Property Relationships, Chemistry of Interactions, and Lab-to-Industry Integration","volume":"468","author":"Rane","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peralta, M.E., Ocampo, S., Funes, I.G., Medina, F.O., Parolo, M.E., and Carlos, L. (2020). Nanomaterials with Tailored Magnetic Properties as Adsorbents of Organic Pollutants from Wastewaters. Inorganics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/inorganics8040024"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4393","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-021-01289-6","article-title":"Magnetic Nanoadsorbents for Micropollutant Removal in Real Water Treatment: A Review","volume":"19","author":"Mudhoo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2019.100913","article-title":"Response Surface Methodology and Optimization of Arsenic Continuous Sorption Process from Contaminated Water Using Chitosan","volume":"32","author":"Mangiameli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2017.11.042","article-title":"Application of Box\u2013Behnken Design in Response Surface Methodology for Adsorptive Removal of Arsenic from Aqueous Solution Using CeO2\/Fe2O3\/Graphene Nanocomposite","volume":"207","author":"Sahu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gugushe, A.S., Nqombolo, A., and Nomngongo, P.N. (2019). Application of Response Surface Methodology and Desirability Function in the Optimization of Adsorptive Remediation of Arsenic from Acid Mine Drainage Using Magnetic Nanocomposite: Equilibrium Studies and Application to Real Samples. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24091792"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortiz Letechipia, J., Gonz\u00e1lez-Trinidad, J., J\u00fanez-Ferreira, H.E., Bautista-Capetillo, C., Robles-Rovelo, C.O., Contreras Rodr\u00edguez, A.R., and D\u00e1vila-Hern\u00e1ndez, S. (2022). Aqueous Arsenic Speciation with Hydrogeochemical Modeling and Correlation with Fluorine in Groundwater in a Semiarid Region of Mexico. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14040519"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahidul Hassan, H. (2023). A Review on Different Arsenic Removal Techniques Used for Decontamination of Drinking Water. Environ. Pollut. Bioavailab., 35.","DOI":"10.1080\/26395940.2023.2165964"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devrajani, S.K., Ahmed, Z., Qambrani, N.A., Kanwal, S., Sundaram, U.M., and Mubarak, N.M. (2024). Mechanism of Arsenic Removal Using Brown Seaweed Derived Impregnated with Iron Oxide Biochar for Batch and Column Studies. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-69117-9"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2019.123640","article-title":"Defluoridation Behavior of Layered Fe-Mg-Zr Hydroxides and Its Continuous Purification of Groundwater","volume":"578","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122349","article-title":"Influence of Surface Chemistry of Activated Carbon Electrodes on Electro-Assisted Adsorption of Arsenate","volume":"392","author":"Nava","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2478\/achi-2019-0015","article-title":"Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Carbon Gels Adsorption: A Commentary","volume":"27","author":"Faizal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Chem. Iasi"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.2166\/wrd.2021.080","article-title":"Adsorption and Desorption of Hg(II) from Aqueous Solution Using Magnetic Fe3O4@PPy Composite Microspheres","volume":"11","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Water Reuse Desalination"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ptaszkowska-Koniarz, M., Goscianska, J., Bazan-Wozniak, A., and Pietrzak, R. (2022). Amine-Modified Carbon Xerogels as Effective Carbon-Based Adsorbents of Anionic Dye from Aqueous Solutions. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15165736"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1039\/C6CE02421A","article-title":"Oxidation of Magnetite Nanoparticles: Impact on Surface and Crystal Properties","volume":"19","author":"Schwaminger","year":"2017","journal-title":"CrystEngComm"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"37","article-title":"Scanning Electron Microscopy and Electron Backscatter Diffraction","volume":"16","author":"Zaefferer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Mineral. Union. Notes Mineral."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2018.12.037","article-title":"Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles: Evaluation of Their Catalytic Activity in Methylene Blue Degradation by Kinetic Adsorption Models","volume":"12","year":"2019","journal-title":"Results Phys."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2014.10.035","article-title":"Functional Biocompatible Magnetite-Cellulose Nanocomposite Fibrous Networks: Characterization by Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy, X-Ray Powder Diffraction and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis","volume":"136","author":"Habibi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1007\/s11082-024-06843-4","article-title":"Fabrication, Characterization, Spectroscopic, and Magnetic Properties of Polyaniline\/Magnetite (PANi\/Fe3O4) Nanocomposites","volume":"56","author":"Elashmawi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Opt. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodewald, J., Thien, J., Ruwisch, K., Pohlmann, T., Hoppe, M., Schmalhorst, J., K\u00fcpper, K., and Wollschl\u00e4ger, J. (2024). Structure-Related Electronic and Magnetic Properties in Ultrathin Epitaxial NixFe3\u2212xO4 Films on MgO(001). Nanomaterials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14080694"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-016-1401-1","article-title":"The Influence of Nano-Fe3O4 on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cementitious Composites","volume":"11","author":"Sikora","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2020.127962","article-title":"Effects of Carbonization Temperature on Structure and Mechanical Strength of Electrospun Carbon Nanofibrous Mats","volume":"273","author":"Yi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khamkure, S., Bustos-Terrones, V., Torrecilla-Valle, A., Gamero-Melo, P., Reyes-Rosas, A., Vargas-Guti\u00e9rrez, G., and Garrido-Hoyos, S.E. (2023). Optimization Study for Desorption of Arsenic and Regeneration Performance on Magnetic Carbon Xerogels for Environmental Sustainability \u2020. Eng. Proc., 37.","DOI":"10.3390\/ECP2023-14653"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"743","article-title":"Tuning of Pore Texture of Carbon Xerogels Synthesized Using Resorcinol and Paraformaldehyde as Precursors","volume":"97","author":"Das","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Indian. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoso.2019.100396","article-title":"X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Nanocomposite Fe3O4\/Activated Carbon by Williamson\u2013Hall and Size-Strain Plot Methods","volume":"20","author":"Ilyas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano-Struct. Nano-Objects"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8538","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b02340","article-title":"Simultaneous Quantification of Electron Transfer by Carbon Matrices and Functional Groups in Pyrogenic Carbon","volume":"52","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012035","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/869\/1\/012035","article-title":"Conduction Mechanism and Dielectric Properties of Pure and Composite Resorcinol Formaldehyde Aerogels Doped with Silver","volume":"869","author":"Attia","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11729","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-1304-z","article-title":"Nanofibers of Resorcinol\u2013Formaldehyde for Effective Adsorption of As (III) Ions from Mimicked Effluents","volume":"25","author":"Gore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2017.204","article-title":"Fe-FeS2 Adsorbent Prepared with Iron Powder and Pyrite by Facile Ball Milling and Its Application for Arsenic Removal","volume":"76","author":"Min","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2896","DOI":"10.2166\/ws.2021.429","article-title":"Removal of As(V) from Aqueous Solutions Using Calcium-Alginate Microspheres with Encapsulated Iron Nanoparticles","volume":"22","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Supply"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.3846\/jeelm.2022.16749","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Mesoporous Cerium Oxide for Toxic As(V) Removal: Performance and Mechanistic Studie","volume":"30","author":"Sahu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng. Landsc. Manag."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39545","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA08512A","article-title":"A Critical Review on Arsenic Removal from Water Using Iron-Based Adsorbents","volume":"8","author":"Hao","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2020.145467","article-title":"The Impact of Surface Chemistry of Carbon Xerogels on Their Performance in Phenol Removal from Wastewaters via Combined Adsorption-Catalytic Process","volume":"511","author":"Malaika","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35893","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c03590","article-title":"Novel Method for the Arsenic Removal Experiment and Mechanism Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anti\u0107, K., Onjia, A., Vasiljevi\u0107-Radovi\u0107, D., Veli\u010dkovi\u0107, Z., and Tomi\u0107, S.L. (2021). Removal of Nickel Ions from Aqueous Solutions by 2-Hydroxyethyl Acrylate\/Itaconic Acid Hydrogels Optimized with Response Surface Methodology. Gels, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels7040225"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116550","article-title":"Optimization of Desorption Parameters Using Response Surface Methodology for Enhanced Recovery of Arsenic from Spent Reclaimable Activated Carbon: Eco-Friendly and Sorbent Sustainability Approach","volume":"280","author":"Bayuo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"543","article-title":"Modeling and Optimization of Arsenic (III) Removal from Aqueous Solutions by GFO Using Response Surface Methodology","volume":"6","author":"Tabatabaei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pollution"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"022120","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.100.022120","article-title":"Interplay of Adsorption and Surface Mobility in Tracer Diffusion in Porous Media","volume":"100","author":"Olivares","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2018.05.078","article-title":"Concrete\/Maghemite Nanocomposites as Novel Adsorbents for Arsenic Removal","volume":"1171","author":"Pariona","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khamkure, S., Gamero-Melo, P., Garrido-Hoyos, S.E., Reyes-Rosas, A., Pacheco-Catal\u00e1n, D.E., and L\u00f3pez-Mart\u00ednez, A.M. (2023). The Development of Fe3O4-Monolithic Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Carbon Xerogels Using Ultrasonic-Assisted Synthesis for Arsenic Removal of Drinking Water. Gels, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9080618"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khamkure, S., Garrido-Hoyos, S.E., Gamero-Melo, P., and Reyes-Rosas, A. (2021). Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetic Xerogel Monolith as an Adsorbent for As(V) Removal from Groundwater. Processes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9020386"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e08218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e08218","article-title":"Nanocarbon Hybrid for Simultaneous Removal of Arsenic, Iron and Manganese Ions from Aqueous Solutions","volume":"7","author":"Embaby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"37","article-title":"Synthesis of Iron-Doped Resorcinol Formaldehyde-Based Aerogels for the Removal of Cr(VI) from Water","volume":"4","author":"Verma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Green. Process. Synth."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2015.12.008","article-title":"Magnetic Magnetite (Fe3O4) Nanoparticle Synthesis and Applications for Lead (Pb2+) and Chromium (Cr6+) Removal from Water","volume":"468","author":"Rajput","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Colloid. Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbero, G., Scarfone, A.M., and Evangelista, L.R. (2022). The Kinetics of Sorption\u2013Desorption Phenomena: Local and Non-Local Kinetic Equations. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27217601"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-019-0977-3","article-title":"Linear and Nonlinear Kinetic and Isotherm Adsorption Models for Arsenic Removal by Manganese Ferrite Nanoparticles","volume":"1","year":"2019","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2021.27250","article-title":"Removal of Cadmium Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Nickel Metal-Organic Framework: Isotherm, Kinetic Studies, Optimization, and Modeling by Response Surface Methodology (RSM)","volume":"227","author":"Fard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Desalination Water Treat."}],"container-title":["Gels"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/11\/5\/323\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:22:23Z","timestamp":1760030543000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2310-2861\/11\/5\/323"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["gels11050323"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/gels11050323","relation":{},"ISSN":["2310-2861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2310-2861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]]}}}