{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T05:39:42Z","timestamp":1792129182483,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23-73-01220"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23-73-01220"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A biosensor for the determination of glucose, lactate, ethanol and starch in beverages has been developed using enzymes immobilized by a redox-active gel on a screen-printed electrode. A significant improvement proposed for multichannel biosensors, overcoming stability and sensitivity issues by covalently binding phenazine mediators to a biocompatible protein hydrogel, enhancing the packaging of the enzyme. Glucose oxidase (GOx), alcohol oxidase (AOx) and lactate oxidase (LOx) were used as biological materials, as well as a mixture of GOx with \u03b3-amylase (Am). Redox gels were synthesized from bovine serum albumin (BSA) and phenazine derivatives. It was shown that a neutral red-based redox gel combined with single-walled carbon nanotubes is more promising than other substrates for enzyme immobilization. The lower limit of quantification for glucose, ethanol, lactate and starch using these systems is 0.035 mM, 2.3 mM, 15 mM and 2 mg\/L, respectively. Biosensors were used to analyze the content of these substances in alcoholic, kvass and fermentation mass. Statistical analysis of the results showed that the values of glucose, ethanol, lactic acid and starch determined using biosensors and obtained by reference methods differ insignificantly. A set of biosensors developed on the basis of specifically selected enzymes is effective for controlling biotechnological processes and can be used as an alternative to classical analytical methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11050355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]],"date-time":"2025-05-12T09:13:38Z","timestamp":1747041218000},"page":"355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Bionanocomposite Four-Channel Biosensor for Rapid and Convenient Monitoring of Glucose, Lactate, Ethanol and Starch"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0451-8080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Kharkova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Research Center \u00abBioChemTech\u00bb, Tula State University, 300012 Tula, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyubov","family":"Kuznetsova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Research Center \u00abBioChemTech\u00bb, Tula State University, 300012 Tula, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8454-6307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman","family":"Perchikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Research Center \u00abBioChemTech\u00bb, Tula State University, 300012 Tula, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0026-4933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Gertsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Soil Chemistry and Ecology, Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical University, 300026 Tula, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8438-1952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavel","family":"Melnikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA\u2014Russian Technological University, 119571 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolay","family":"Zaitsev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Econics-Expert Ltd., Akademika Bakuleva St., 6, 117513 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5683-777X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Urban and Rural Water Resources and Water Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5449-7353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vyacheslav","family":"Arlyapov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Research Center \u00abBioChemTech\u00bb, Tula State University, 300012 Tula, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2024.101236","article-title":"Advances in smartphone-based biosensors for food testing","volume":"61","author":"Qin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. 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