{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:59:01Z","timestamp":1792087141465,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Research Deanship at University of Ha\u2019il, Saudi Arabia","award":["RG-23 240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG-23 240"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review explores the enhanced transdermal therapy of several skin disorders with the application of carriers comprising phospholipid vesicular gel systems. Topical drug delivery has several advantages compared to other administration methods, including enhanced patient compliance, the avoidance of the first-pass impact associated with oral administration, and the elimination of the need for repeated doses. Nonetheless, the skin barrier obstructs the penetration of drugs, hence affecting its therapeutic efficacy. Carriers with phospholipid soft vesicles comprise a novel strategy used to augment drug delivery into the skin and boost therapeutic efficacy. These vesicles encompass chemicals that possess the ability to fluidize phospholipid bilayers, producing a pliable vesicle that facilitates penetration into the deeper layers of the skin. Phospholipid-based vesicular carriers have been extensively studied for improved drug delivery through dermal and transdermal pathways. Traditional liposomes are limited to the stratum corneum of the skin and do not penetrate the deeper layers. Ethosomes, glycerosomes, and glycethosomes are nanovesicular systems composed of ethanol, glycerol, or a combination of ethanol and glycerol, respectively. Their composition produce pliable vesicles by fluidizing the phospholipid bilayers, facilitating deeper penetration into the skin. This article examines the impact of ethanol and glycerol on phospholipid vesicles, and outlines their respective manufacturing techniques. Thus far, these discrepancies have not been analyzed comparatively. The review details several active compounds integrated into these nanovesicular gel systems and examined through in vitro, in vivo, or clinical human trials involving compositions with various active molecules for the treatment of various dermatological conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11050358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T11:31:49Z","timestamp":1747135909000},"page":"358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Modified Phospholipid Vesicular Gel for Transdermal Drug Delivery: The Influence of Glycerin and\/or Ethanol on Their Lipid Bilayer Fluidity and Penetration Characteristics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6670-3903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marwa H.","family":"Abdallah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 81442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona M.","family":"Shahien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 81422, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7790-7530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hemat El-Sayed","family":"El-Horany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 81422, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8786-250X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enas Haridy","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Ha\u2019il, Ha\u2019il 81442, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NA00530A","article-title":"Functional nano-systems for transdermal drug delivery and skin therapy","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000272","article-title":"Far from \u201cjust a poke\u201d: Common painful needle procedures and the development of needle fear","volume":"31","author":"McMurtry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. 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