{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T10:00:44Z","timestamp":1770544844399,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23-73-01216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23-73-01216"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Patient-specific scaffolds for tissue and organ regeneration are still limited by the difficulty of simultaneously shaping complex geometries, preserving hierarchical porosity, and guaranteeing sterility. Additive technologies represent a promising approach for addressing problems in tissue engineering, with the potential to develop personalized matrices for the growth of tissue and organ cells. The utilization of supercritical technologies, encompassing the processes of drying and sterilization within a supercritical fluid environment, has demonstrated significant opportunities for obtaining highly effective matrices for cell growth based on biocompatible materials. We present a comprehensive methodology for fabricating intricately structured, sterile aerogels based on alginate\u2013chitosan polyelectrolyte complexes. The target three-dimensional macrostructure is achieved through (i) direct ink writing or (ii) heterophase printing, enabling the deposition of inks with diverse rheological profiles (viscosities ranging from 0.8 to 2500 Pa\u00b7s). A coupled supercritical carbon dioxide drying\u2013sterilization regimen at 120 bar and 40 \u00b0C is employed to preserve the highly porous architecture of the printed constructs. The resulting aerogels exhibit 96 \u00b1 2% porosity, a BET surface area of 108\u2013238 m2 g\u22121, and complete sterility. The proposed integration of 3D printing and supercritical processing yields sterile, intricately structured aerogels with substantial potential for the fabrication of patient-specific scaffolds for tissue and organ regeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11070477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T09:04:49Z","timestamp":1750410289000},"page":"477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Three-Dimensional Printing and Supercritical Technologies for the Fabrication of Intricately Structured Aerogels Derived from the Alginate\u2013Chitosan Polyelectrolyte Complex"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7806-1426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Menshutina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya pl. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrey","family":"Abramov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya pl. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eldar","family":"Golubev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya pl. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Tsygankov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya pl. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2024.126358","article-title":"Molecular aspects on impregnation of silica-based aerogels with mefenamic acid in supercritical carbon dioxide","volume":"415","author":"Gurina","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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