{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T21:21:21Z","timestamp":1783113681866,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018990","name":"Office of Research and Innovation, Alfaisal University, Internal Research Grant Award (IRG)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23521"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018990","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cutibacterium acnes is linked to the prevalent inflammatory skin disorder known as Acne Vulgaris (AV). Some topical agents exhibit unfavorable side effects like dryness and skin inflammation, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses an increasing risk to effective AV management. This study develops and characterizes stable topical essential oil (EO)-loaded microemulgels with in vitro validated antimicrobial activities against C. acnes ATCC 6919, providing a solid scientific basis for their effectiveness. These microemulgels, with their potential to serve as an alternative to AMR-prone synthetic agents, could revolutionize the field of acne treatment. The MICs of the EOs (citronella, tea tree, and lemongrass) against C. acnes were determined. EO-loaded microemulgels were developed using a blend of microemulsion and carbopol\/hyaluronic acid gel in a ratio of 1:1 and characterized, and their stability was observed over three months. The MICs of citronella, tea tree, and lemongrass EOs were 0.08, 0.16, and 0.62% v\/v, respectively. The microemulgels were whitish and smooth, with characteristic EO odors. They demonstrated pH values ranging between 4.81 \u00b1 0.20 and 5.00 \u00b1 0.03, good homogeneity, a spreadability of 9.79 \u00b1 0.6 and 12.76 \u00b1 0.8 cm2, a viscosity of 29,500 and 31,130 cP, and retained stability at 4, 25, and 40 \u00b0C. EO-loaded microemulgels were developed with the potential of C. acnes management. The formulation shows adequate potential for further pharmaceutical development towards translational adoption in acne management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11080612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T08:46:55Z","timestamp":1754383615000},"page":"612","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Formulation, Optimization, and Comprehensive Characterization of Topical Essential Oil-Loaded Anti-Acne Microemulgels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8281-470X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adeola Tawakalitu","family":"Kola-Mustapha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6200-8233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhabat Adeola","family":"Raji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusra Abdulkarim","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noura Hatim","family":"Binsaeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doaa Rashed","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranim Abou","family":"Shameh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noureldeen Mohammed","family":"Garaween","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7966-1087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghada","family":"Garaween","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.20882","article-title":"Magnitude and Temporal Trend of Acne Vulgaris Burden in 204 Countries and Territories from 1990 to 2019: An Analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"186","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. 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