{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T16:58:44Z","timestamp":1784912324323,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"URGO sp. z o.o."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is associated with symptoms such as heartburn, resulting from gastric content reflux. Alginate-based raft-forming gel formulations represent a non-pharmacological strategy for GERD management by forming a floating gel barrier in the stomach. This study evaluated three commercial anti-reflux oral gel systems under simulated fed-state gastric conditions, using in vitro magnetic resonance relaxometry techniques. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed in 0.01 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) to visualize gel raft formation, spatial structure, and spatial distribution of effective T2 relaxation time. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry in 0.01 M deuterium chloride (DCl) measured T1 and T2 relaxation times of the protons that were initially included in the preparation to assess its molecular mobility within the gel matrix. Two formulations formed floating, coherent gels, whereas the remaining one exhibited only polymer swelling without flotation. In one case, relaxometry data revealed a solid-like component that can be detected, indicating enhanced mechanical stability. The performance of each formulation was influenced by interactions among alginate, bicarbonates, and calcium ions, which determined gel consistency and flotation behavior. MRI and NMR relaxometry in vitro provide valuable non-invasive insights into the structural and functional behavior of alginate-based gel formulations. This approach supports the rational design of advanced gel-based therapies for GERD by linking molecular composition with in situ performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11090749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T11:00:00Z","timestamp":1758106800000},"page":"749","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["NMR\/MRI Techniques to Characterize Alginate-Based Gel Rafts for the Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9959-8596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewelina","family":"Baran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology, University of the National Education Commission, Krakow, Podchor\u0105\u017cych 2, 30-084 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8656-0310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Kulinowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology, University of the National Education Commission, Krakow, Podchor\u0105\u017cych 2, 30-084 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6962-6026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Kr\u00f3l","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6835-2916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Przemys\u0142aw","family":"Doro\u017cy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analytics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-330616","article-title":"Updates to the modern diagnosis of GERD: Lyon consensus 2.0","volume":"73","author":"Gyawali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2000.00759.x","article-title":"Review article: Alginate-raft formulations in the treatment of heartburn and acid reflux","volume":"14","author":"Mandel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aliment. 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