{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T03:07:53Z","timestamp":1788577673818,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007446","name":"King Khalid University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGP2\/590\/46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP2\/590\/46"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007446","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Candida infections pose a significant health threat, and conventional antifungal drugs like nystatin are limited due to poor solubility, skin permeability, and frequent dosage requirements. Nystatin effectively targets Candida species by disrupting cell membranes, but formulation issues hinder clinical use. Lipid-based vesicular carriers, or novasomes, provide controlled, prolonged drug release and enhanced skin penetration. This study focuses on developing nystatin-loaded novasomal gels as an advanced drug delivery system to enhance therapeutic efficacy, bioavailability, and patient compliance. The formulation was prepared using a modified ethanol injection technique, combining stearic acid, oleic acid, Span 60, cholesterol, and Carbopol to produce a stable transdermal gel. Comprehensive in vitro characterization using FTIR, SEM, XRD, and thermal analysis confirmed the chemical compatibility, morphological uniformity, and physical stability of the nystatin-loaded novasomal gel. Entrapment efficiency differed significantly among the formulations (p &lt; 0.05), with F7 achieving the highest value (80%). All formulations maintained pH levels within the skin-friendly range of 5.5 to 7.0. Viscosity measurements, ranging from 3900 \u00b1 110 to 4510 \u00b1 105 cP, confirmed their appropriate consistency for dermal use. Rheological analysis showed a dominant elastic response, as indicated by storage modulus values consistently higher than the loss modulus. Particle size ranged from 4143 to 9570 nm, while PDI values remained below 0.3, reflecting uniform particle distribution. Zeta potential values were strongly negative, supporting physical stability. XRD studies indicated reduced crystallinity of nystatin within the formulations, while FTIR confirmed drug-excipient compatibility. SEM images showed spherical particles within the micrometer range. In vitro release studies demonstrated sustained drug release over 12 h, with F6 releasing the highest amount. The novasomal gel formulations-maintained stability for 30 days, with no notable alterations in pH, viscosity, or entrapment efficiency. Antifungal evaluation showed a larger inhibition zone (23 \u00b1 2 mm) compared with the plain drug solution (15 \u00b1 1.6 mm), while the MIC value was reduced (4.57 \u00b5g\/mL), indicating greater potency. Skin irritation assessment in rats revealed only minor, temporary erythema, and the calculated Primary Irritation Index (0.22) confirmed a non-irritant profile. These findings suggest that the developed novasomal gel offers a promising approach for enhancing the treatment of fungal infections by enabling prolonged drug release, minimizing dosing frequency, and improving patient compliance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11100774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T06:02:52Z","timestamp":1758866572000},"page":"774","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Development and Evaluation of Nystatin-Loaded Novasomal Gel for the Treatment of Candida albicans Infection: In Vitro Microbiological and Skin Compatibility Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Abid","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lahore University of Biological and Applied Sciences, Lahore 53400, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Fahad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lahore University of Biological and Applied Sciences, Lahore 53400, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Mughal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lahore University of Biological and Applied Sciences, Lahore 53400, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Namra","family":"Rasheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lahore University of Biological and Applied Sciences, Lahore 53400, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saad S.","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Zahid","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0846.2008.00316.x","article-title":"Delivering Drugs by the Transdermal Route: Review and Comment","volume":"14","author":"Tanner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Skin Res. 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