{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T15:41:04Z","timestamp":1791646864596,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The State Assignment of the Ufa Institute of Chemistry of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences","award":["125020601629-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["125020601629-0"]}]},{"name":"The State Assignment for the Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry SB RAS","award":["122011700261-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122011700261-3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polyacrylamide and polyacrylamide\/polysaccharide hydrogels exhibiting high structural and mechanical properties, along with acceptable gelation times and gelant viscosity, are proposed for water shutoff applications in high-temperature reservoirs. The obtained polyacrylamide gels demonstrate an elastic modulus 1.6\u20132.7 times higher than that of the baseline polyacrylamide\u2013resorcinol\u2013paraform\u2013sulfamic acid gel (17.2 Pa), reaching up to 46.3 Pa, while the polyacrylamide\/polysaccharide gels surpass it by a factor of 2.3\u20135.2, reaching up to 89.9 Pa. The gelation time of the polyacrylamide\/polysaccharide gels ranges from 3 to 7 h, with the gelant viscosity varying from 685 to 2098 mPa\u00b7s at a shear rate of 100 s\u22121. Crosslinking of polyacrylamide with polysaccharides was achieved using paraform. Using the gel based on crosslinked polyacrylamide with xanthan as an example, spectral methods characterized the copolymer constituting the basis of the plugging material. Our analysis established that crosslinking occurs between the amide group of polyacrylamide and the hydroxyl group of the polysaccharide. Model reactions with low-molecular-weight analogs (glucose, acetamide, and formaldehyde), coupled with mass spectrometric confirmation of the structure of the resulting products, revealed possible reaction pathways. The crosslinking of polyacrylamide was investigated using a broad range of polysaccharides of plant and microbiological origin. The resulting series of hydrogels, possessing the suite of properties required for water shutoff in high-temperature formations, will enable oil companies (operators) and service firms to select a specific gel-forming system based on project objectives, logistics, and budget constraints.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11110862","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T03:44:39Z","timestamp":1761795879000},"page":"862","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Polyacrylamide and Polyacrylamide\/Polysaccharide Hydrogels for Well Water Shutoff in High-Temperature Reservoirs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Aleksey","family":"Telin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ufa Scientific and Technical Center, LLC, 99\/3, Kirova Street, 450078 Ufa, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Sergeeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ufa Scientific and Technical Center, LLC, 99\/3, Kirova Street, 450078 Ufa, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rustem","family":"Asadullin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mining and Petroleum, Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, 1, Kosmonavtov Street, 450064 Ufa, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9203-6175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Gusarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, Ufa University of Science and Technology, 12, Karla Marksa Street, 450008 Ufa, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravil","family":"Yakubov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mining and Petroleum, Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, 1, Kosmonavtov Street, 450064 Ufa, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Dokichev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ufa Institute of Chemistry, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 71, Oktyabrya Avenue, 450054 Ufa, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anatoly","family":"Politov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry of Siberian Branch RAS, 18, Kutateladze Street, 630128 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elina","family":"Sunagatova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mining and Petroleum, Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, 1, Kosmonavtov Street, 450064 Ufa, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0346-8560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Gibadullina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ufa Institute of Chemistry, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 71, Oktyabrya Avenue, 450054 Ufa, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2328-6761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Galina","family":"Teptereva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mining and Petroleum, Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, 1, Kosmonavtov Street, 450064 Ufa, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyubov","family":"Lenchenkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mining and Petroleum, Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, 1, Kosmonavtov Street, 450064 Ufa, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.3254","article-title":"Rheological and Transport Properties of Sulfonated Polyacrylamide Hydrogels for Water Shutoff in Porous Media","volume":"25","author":"Salehi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polym. 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