{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T13:27:17Z","timestamp":1788442037683,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2024QB029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2024QB029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Higher Education Youth Innovation Team Program","award":["2024KJH171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024KJH171"]}]},{"name":"Shandong University of Aeronautics Research Funds","award":["2023Y19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023Y19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The selective removal of trace heteroatomic contaminants from fuel remains a critical challenge for clean combustion and refinery upgrading, particularly due to the chemical stability and structural similarity of sulfur- and nitrogen-containing aromatics. Herein, a surface-engineered graphene oxide aerogel functionalized with cyclodextrin (\u03b2-CD-CONH-GO) is developed via covalent grafting to introduce well-defined host\u2013guest recognition sites within a porous framework. Spectroscopic and microscopic characterizations confirm successful functionalization, preserved aerogel morphology, and accessible hybrid interfaces. The removal process for monocyclic, bicyclic, and tricyclic impurities is governed by synergistic molecular inclusion within the cyclodextrin cavity, interfacial hydrogen bonding, and secondary confinement provided by the aerogel porosity. Thus, the \u03b2-CD-CONH-GO exhibits efficient adsorption toward representative bicyclic impurities, and the removal performance follows the order of indole &gt; quinoline &gt; benzothiophene. Kinetic analysis demonstrates pseudo-second-order adsorption behavior, indicating chemisorption dominated by cooperative host\u2013guest recognition and hydrogen bonding. It possesses removal selectivity even in mixed systems containing structurally similar aliphatic and aromatic competitors and maintains &gt; 95% efficiency after five regeneration cycles via ethanol extraction, confirming superb durability. This study demonstrates a feasible pathway to design adsorbents for deep fuel refining and highlights cyclodextrin-based graphene hybrid aerogels as promising candidates for separations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels12010033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T15:05:01Z","timestamp":1767193501000},"page":"33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Surface-Engineered Amino-Graphene Oxide Aerogel Functionalized with Cyclodextrin for Desulfurization and Denitrogenation in Oil Refining"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7190-650X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zunbin","family":"Duan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Shandong University of Aeronautics, Binzhou 256603, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanfang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4771-7725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"He","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Shandong University of Aeronautics, Binzhou 256603, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1884-862X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guanglei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Colloidal Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1039\/c1gc15196g","article-title":"Desulfurization and denitrogenation of gasoline and diesel fuels by means of ionic liquids","volume":"13","author":"Hansmeier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14445","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.1c02229","article-title":"Review on sulfur compounds in petroleum and its products: State-of-the-art and perspectives","volume":"35","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2810","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.9b00354","article-title":"Advanced hydrodesulfurization catalysts: A review of design and synthesis","volume":"33","author":"Tanimu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-2361(02)00324-1","article-title":"Science and technology of novel processes for deep desulfurization of oil refinery streams: A review","volume":"82","author":"Babich","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1081\/CR-200057492","article-title":"Hydrodenitrogenation of petroleum","volume":"47","author":"Furimsky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Catal. 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