{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:43:13Z","timestamp":1791387793389,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Major National Science and Technology Project for New Oil and Gas Exploration and Development","award":["2025ZD1404101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZD1404101"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52574034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52574034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Gels"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lost circulation in oil-based drilling fluids (OBDFs) remains difficult to mitigate because particulate lost circulation materials depend on bridging\/packing and gel systems for aqueous media often lack OBDF compatibility and controllable in situ sealing. A dual-precursor oil\u2013water biphasic metal\u2013organic supramolecular gel enables rapid in situ sealing in OBDF loss zones. The optimized formulation uses an oil-phase to aqueous gelling-solution volume ratio of 10:3, with 2.0 wt% Span 85, 12.5 wt% TXP-4, and 5.0 wt% NaAlO2. Apparent-viscosity measurements and ATR\u2013FTIR analysis were used to evaluate the effects of temperature, time, pH, and shear on MOSG gelation. Furthermore, the structural characteristics and performances of MOSGs were systematically investigated by combining microstructural characterization, thermogravimetric analysis, rheological tests, simulated fracture-plugging experiments, and anti-shear evaluations. The results indicate that elevated temperatures (30\u201370 \u00b0C) and mildly alkaline conditions in the aqueous gelling solution (pH \u2248 8.10\u20138.30) promote P\u2013O\u2013Al coordination and strengthen hydrogen bonding, thereby facilitating the formation of a three-dimensional network. In contrast, strong shear disrupts the nascent network and delays gelation. The optimized MOSGs rapidly exhibit pronounced viscoelasticity and thermal resistance (~193 \u00b0C); under high shear (380 rpm), the viscosity retention exceeds 60% and the viscosity recovery exceeds 70%. In plugging tests, MOSG forms a dense sealing layer, achieving a pressure-bearing gradient of 2.27 MPa\/m in simulated permeable formations and markedly improving the fracture pressure-bearing capacity in simulated fractured formations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/gels12010074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T12:31:41Z","timestamp":1768480301000},"page":"74","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Oil-Water Biphasic Metal-Organic Supramolecular Gel for Lost Circulation Control: Formulation Optimization, Gelation Mechanism, and Plugging Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Qingwang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Joint Engineering Research Center for Shale Gas Exploration and Development, Chongqing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chongqing 400042, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Shale Gas Exploration, Ministry of Land and Resources, Chongqing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chongqing 400042, China"},{"name":"China North Chemical Research Academy Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songlei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Downhole Services Company, Bohai Drilling Engineering Company Limited (BHDC), Renqiu 062552, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3126-3994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ye","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Joint Engineering Research Center for Shale Gas Exploration and Development, Chongqing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chongqing 400042, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Shale Gas Exploration, Ministry of Land and Resources, Chongqing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chongqing 400042, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7460-0003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaogang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Energy Investment Oil and Gas Exploration and Development Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaochuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Joint Engineering Research Center for Shale Gas Exploration and Development, Chongqing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chongqing 400042, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Shale Gas Exploration, Ministry of Land and Resources, Chongqing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chongqing 400042, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Menglai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Joint Engineering Research Center for Shale Gas Exploration and Development, Chongqing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chongqing 400042, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Shale Gas Exploration, Ministry of Land and Resources, Chongqing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chongqing 400042, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7432-4695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shubiao","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Joint Engineering Research Center for Shale Gas Exploration and Development, Chongqing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chongqing 400042, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Shale Gas Exploration, Ministry of Land and Resources, Chongqing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chongqing 400042, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junfei","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Joint Engineering Research Center for Shale Gas Exploration and Development, Chongqing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chongqing 400042, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Shale Gas Exploration, Ministry of Land and Resources, Chongqing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chongqing 400042, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2018.03.029","article-title":"A generalized model for apparent viscosity of oil-based muds","volume":"165","author":"Fakoya","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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